Fermented dairy products (FDP) undergo structural and textural changes due to fermentation, and unique nutrients were produced, hence have special flavor and nutritional characteristics, they also have more health benefits for middle-aged and elderly people based on relevant evidence from global cohort studies. This article reviewed evidence from global long-term follow-up cohort studies to investigate the associations between FDP intake and overweight/obesity, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, prediabetes and diabetes, cognition, tumorigenesis, and its potential health mechanism as well explored.