With the widespread application of probiotics in the fields of food， health foods， and medicine， safety assessment has become the key in ensuring public health and supporting industry development. Although current probiotic safety assessment system is complete in China， it lacks a rapid assessment mechanism， facing problems such as long time for evidence collection and filing. This article reviews recent advances on safety assessment of probiotics in China and abroad， highlighting core risk factors such as the low immunity in susceptible population， harmful metabolites， antimicrobial resistance， and pollution during the production and processing of products. In terms of assessment methods， it summarizes multiple approaches， including genomic sequencing combined with computational modeling， in vitro experiments， animal models， and clinical trials， achieving accurate safety evaluations of probiotics. In addition， this article also compares the differences between international regulations such as FAO/WHO， the European Union and the United States and regulations in China， providing suggestions for accelerating the development of the probiotics industry.