Objective To investigate the contamination status of foodborne pathogens and the microbial community structure in the whole industry chain of lettuce production in Wuhan City and Jingzhou City， Hubei Province， so as to provide fundamental data for food safety risk assessment.Methods In 2022， planting bases with production entities were selected， along with their downstream vegetable processing， distribution， and catering enterprises. Samples were collected on a quarterly basis throughout the entire monitoring process. The contamination status of Listeria monocytogenes， Salmonella， and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli were detected according to National Food Safety Standards. Metagenomic sequencing was used to analyze the microbial community structure and diversity during lettuce growth.Results A total of 263 samples were collected from the whole process monitoring of lettuce planting and production， from which only one sample was detected positive for Salmonella. Twenty-three samples were subjected to metagenomic sequencing. At the kingdom level， Bacteria， Fungi， Archaea， and Eukaryota were annotated. At the phylum level， the core dominant groups of bacteria were Pseudomonadota and Actinomycetota. At the genus level， Streptomyces and Pseudomonas were dominant. Both dimensionality reduction analysis based on species abundance and distance-based sample clustering analysis revealed consistent microbial community structures within groups but significant differences between groups.Conclusion The contamination rate of foodborne pathogens in lettuce planting and production process in Hubei Province is relatively low. Soil， irrigation water， and organic fertilizer exhibit high microbial abundance and diversity， indicating the presence of mature ecosystems.