Objective To analyze the pollution levels of common risk factors in Gastrodia elata B1. sold in Yunnan province， and to evaluate its dietary exposure levels and health risks.Methods Using the risk monitoring data of Gastrodia elata B1. in 2021 and the consumption survey data from the main production areas of Gastrodia elata B1. in 2017. Single factor pollution index and Nemero comprehensive pollution index were used to reflect the pollution levels of risk factors. Probability evaluation method was used to calculate the exposure levels of common risk factors in Gastrodia elata B1， including heavy metals（lead， cadmium， mercury， arsenic， chromium）， sulfur dioxide， and pesticide residues （difenoconazole， propiconazole， procymidone， metalaxyl， prochloraz， bifenthrin， cyhalothrin）. The total dietary exposure levels of contaminants were comprehensively considered， referencing the Codex Alimentarius Commission’s identification of significant contributions to total dietary exposure. The potential health risks were assessed .based on the proportion of corresponding health guidance values or benchmark doses．Results The overall pollution levels of common heavy metals and pesticide residues in Gastrodia elata B1. were relatively low. The average exposure levels of cadmium， total chromium， total mercury， and sulfur dioxide caused by the consumption of Gastrodia elata B1. by the general population are all less than 5% of the health guidance values； The high exposure level （P₉₅ value） of cadmium accounted for 8.88% of the health guidance value； MOE values for both the general exposure level of lead，the general and high exposure level of total arsenic were greater than 20. However， the MOE of high exposure level of lead was less than 20， which health risk requires attention. Under acute exposure conditions， The ARfD values of acute exposure to difenoconazole， metalaxyl and prochloraz caused by consuming Gastrodia elata B1. were 0.02%， 0.01%， and 0.01%， respectively； The results of chronic exposure assessment showed that the exposure levels of the general population and high consumption population to the seven pesticides accounted for less than 5% of the health guidance values， indicating relatively low health risks.Conclusion In general， the health risks to the consumer population caused by exposure to lead， cadmium， total chromium， total arsenic， total mercury， and pesticides from consuming Gastrodia elata B1. are relatively low；In high exposure situations， attention should be paid to the health risks of cadmium and lead.