Abstract:Objective To assess the nutritional value of protein in the genetically modified rice with double antisense starch-branching enzyme（SBE）gene and its parental rice. Method The adopted nutritional value assessment methods, including chemical score (CS), amino acid score (AAS), protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), essential amino acid index (EAAI), nutritional index (NI), ratio coefficient of amino acid (RCAA) and score of RCAA (SRCAA) was applied to assess the protein nutritional value of the rice. Results The CS value of genetically modified rice and parental rice were 62 and 59, AAS value were 75 and 62, PDCAAS value were 65 and 56, EAAI were 79 and 80, NI were 11 and 8, SRCAA were 76.7 and 67.0, respectively. RCAA were the same. Conclusion The nutritional value of protein in the genetically modified rice with double antisense SBE gene were not greatly changed by the increase of resistant starch content in the rice. So, the nutritional value of protein in the genetically modified rice and its parental rice was substantial equivalent.

Abstract:Objective To study the protective effects of genistein (Gen) on the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by beta amyloid 25-35 (Aβ 25-35) and its possible mechanism. Method PC12 cells were divided into control group, Aβ 25-35 group, and 3 Gen groups (at the dosage of 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L). After pre-incubated with or without Gen for 2 h, PC12 cells were exposed to 20μmol of Aβ 25-35 for 24 h. The relative expression of β-actin, caspase-3, caspase-9, bad, bcl-xl and LRP5 mRNA in PC12 cells were analyzed by RT-PCR. Results Compared with the Aβ treated group, the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9 and bad mRNA were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), but the expression of bcl-xl, LRP5 mRNA were significantly increased ( P < 0.05) in the high dose Gen group. Conclusion The neuroprotection of Gen on PC12 cells against apoptosis induced by Aβ 25-35 might be the effect of down-regulating the expression of caspase-9, caspase-3 and bad mRNA, and up-regulating the expression of bcl-xl, LRP5 mRNA.

Abstract:Objective To study whether the growth of rats will be improved by recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) separated and purified from transgenic cow milk. Method rhLF was administered by gavage to 4 groups of 14 male weaned Wistar rats at doses of 0.375, 0.75 or 2.25 g/（kg bw?d） for 56 days. Body weight, body length and food consumption were recorded at regular intervals. Results Compared with the control group, the physical parameters including body weight, body length and food utilization were improved obviously in the high dose group. There is a slight improvement on physical parameters in the low and medium dose groups. Conclusion Recombinant human lactoferrin might show a function of improving the growth of rats in this study.

Abstract:Objective To clone, express, purify a fragment of β-lactoglobulin, and to identify its allergenicity. Methods RT-PCR method was applied to clone the cDNA of a fragment of β-lactoglobulin, and then the fragment cDNA was sequenced and sub-cloned into pET expression vector. The cloned gene was expressed in E. coli origami induced by IPTG. The recombinant protein was purified by metal (Ni²⁺) chelating affinity chromatography. The allergenicity was examined by both Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The recombinant fragment of β-lactoglobulin gene was cloned with a 264 bp open reading frame coding for 87 amino acids. The fragment of β-lactoglobulin was expressed both as inclusion bodies and soluble protein. The soluble protein was purified, and the immunogenicity of the protein identified by ELISA was good. Conclusion The clone and expression of the fragment of β-lactoglobulin was successful; which would provide references for the following studies on testing the immunogenicity of milk and lay great foundations for developing monoclonal antibodies and detection kits for the major allergens of milk.

Abstract:Objective To find out the distribution of serotype and virulence genes in the Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from foodborne disease outbreaks and also the main ribotype of these strains. Methods Ninety eight Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from the patients of monitoring points in 27 foodborne disease outbreaks. Diplex-PCR was used to detect tdh and trh gene. Ribotyping was carried out in the Riboprinter system. Results The isolates from 27 outbreak points were distributed in 11 serotypes and 5 ribotypes. The dominant serotype was O3:K6, and the main ribotype was vp-EcorI-002. All strains carried toxR gene, 97 strains carried tdh gene and only 1 strain carried trh gene. Conclusion Most strains in the study were pandemic and toxigenic, and a closer evolution relationship was observed between serotype O3:K6 and serotype O5:K68, O1:K25 and O11:K36.

Abstract:Objective To compare the effectiveness of two kinds of selective media HE (hektoen enteric agar) and CAS (CHROM agar salmonella medium) on the detection of salmonella in food samples. Method The growth status and the morphology of salmonella and non-salmonella colonies on HE and CAS were observed. Twenty five grams of chicken meat were distributed in 225 ml of SC (Selenite Cystine Broth) and salmonella standard strain CMCC 50041 was used to perform artificially-contaminated experiments. The final concentration of salmonella for each sample was 0, 1, 10, 10², 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ and 10⁶ CFU per 25g poultry respectively. All samples were incubated at 37℃ for 0 h, 4 h，8 h, 12 h and 18 h. One loop from each culture medium taken at different incubation time was streaked on HE or CAS plates. The suspected salmonella colonies were confirmed by API 20E. The sensitivity of two media on the isolation of salmonella was compared. Sixteen retail whole chicken samples collected from markets in Beijing were examined by HE and CAS plates after enriched at 37℃ for 8h, 12 h and 18h in SC, and the positive rates in HE and CAS plates were compared. Results The colony of salmonella spp. on HE is green, most are black in the center, but that on CAS is mauve. Salmonella could be isolated by CAS from poultry samples containing at least 10 CFU per 25g samples after being enriched for 8h in SC; but 18h of enrichment was needed for achieving the same result with HE. The positive rates of salmonella for 16 whole chicken samples were 43.75%，31.25% and 37.5% isolated by CAS after enrichment for 8h, 12 h and 18h respectively; and the positive rate were 18.75%，25% and 18.75% isolated by HE, correspondingly. Salmonella in 4 of 8 fresh whole chicken samples were positive, whereas in 3 of 8 frozen whole chicken samples were positive. Conclusion The growth of most other bacteria except salmonella could be restrained by the selective medium CAS. The morphology of salmonella colonies could be distinguished easily from other bacteria. The time limit and sensitivity of detection for salmonella with CAS are significantly better than that with HE. It is suggested that CAS is the first choice on screening salmonella in food samples.

Abstract:Objective To survey the contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish in 2009, and to study the type of virulent genes in isolates from shellfish and clinical samples, in order to find out the epidemic rules of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Zhoushan. Methods Eighty shellfish samples were collected from Zhoushan markets in four seasons. Fifty isolates from shellfish and 18 isolates from parts of sporadic diarrhea cases and food poisoning patients were serotyped, and the virulent genes, including tdh、trh、orf8 and toxRS/new genes, were detected by PCR. Results The positive rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not significantly different among samples collected in spring (85%), summer (80%) and autumn (75%), while the positive rate in winter (10%) was significantly lower than other seasons. The virulent tdh, toxRS/new and orf8 genes were all negative in shellfish isolates, and only virulent trh gene was detected in two isolates collected in winter. The virulent tdh, toxRS/new and orf8 genes were positive in 14 clinical isolates and trh gene was positive in another one clinical isolate. The 4 virulent genes were all negative in the remaining 3 isolates. The results showed that Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains in 14 of 18 clinical isolates (77.78%) were pandemic strains, of which 13 strains (92.86%) were categorized as type O3:K6, and one was categorized as type O1:KUT. Conclusion The contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was serious in shellfish in spring, summer and autumn; the shellfish contaminated by Vibrio parahaemolyticus maybe the main source for human diarrhea; A group of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains with positive O3:K6 type tdh、orf8 and toxRS/new genes was endemic in Zhoushan.

Abstract:Objective To obtain the data of food-borne disease incidence from a multipurpose surveillance in Shanghai. Methods Active symptom surveillance of food-borne diarrhea in community residents, rectal swab test for diarrhea outpatients in hospitals, the absence of students from diarrhea in primary and middle schools, the sale of berberine and norfloxacin in pharmacies and the reports of food poisoning outbreak from networks were applied. Results The incidence of food-borne diarrhea in Shanghai community residents was 2.62% and the rate of visiting doctors was 40.2%. The positive rate of Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from rectal swabs in diarrhea outpatients were 2.95% and 0.53%, respectively. The absence rate from diarrhea in primary and middle school students were 1.59% and 1.00% respectively. Berberine and norfloxacin sold in pharmacies were 81157 packages (￥374449 RMB) and 21416 packages (￥80927 RMB) respectively. Sixteen outbreaks of food poisoning involving 488 people were reported. The results of the surveillance showed that the peak of food-borne diarrhea incidence from May to October was also the peak of positive rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Conclusion The surveillance of food-borne disease in Shanghai generally reflected the low incidence of food-borne disease in Shanghai. But the surveillance system in defining objects of monitoring and quality control should be improved.

Abstract:Objective To estimate the epidemiological burden of bacterial foodborne diseases. Method The morbidity of diarrhea is calculated by reviewing literatures; the morbidity of foodborne disease is deduced by combining the diarrhea rate in gastroenteritis cases and the ratio of foodborn diseases to gastroenteritis; and also the admission rate. The death rate of bacterial foodborn diseases is calculated by combining the death rate of bacterial infectious diseases and the ratio of foodborne disease to infectious disease. Result There are 94 117 000 cases caused by bacterial foodborne diseases each year in China, 24 753 000 of them visiting doctors, 3 357 000 of them hospitalized and 8 530 deaths; the fatality rate is 0.0091%. Conclusion the burden of bacterial foodborne disease in China is still heavy. The study on foodborne disease burden around China should be developed in order to provide scientific data for WHO estimating the global foodborne disease burden.

Abstract:Objective To study the stability of vitamin C in health food and nutrition supplements at different dosages and forms. Methods The study was conducted in an artificial climate box based strictly on the requirement for hygienic stability of health food. Iodometric analysis with an automatic electric potential titrimeter was used according to the method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (version two, 2010). Results The content of vitamin C in samples was determined once a month for three months. The declining ratio of vitamin C was from -7.29% to 94.26 % and the declining curves were drawn. Conclusion The contents of vitamin C in most health foods and nutrition supplements have declined at different levels after preservation for 3 months under the temperature of 37℃ and the humidity of 75%, especially in health food added with trace elements. The stability of vitamin C in health food and nutrition supplements can be significantly influenced by iron and calcium, while the influence of zinc is little. Ingredients and packing methods of samples are the main factors for the stability of vitamin C.

Abstract:Objective In order to standardize the comet assay, a multilayer electrophoresis tank was invented and validated. Methods Lymphocytes were extracted from ten SD rats. Ten slides were prepared for the lymphocytes of each rat for comet assay. One half slides were treated with 30% H₂0₂, and the other untreated slides were used as negative control. Comet assays on single layer-tank or multi-layer tank were used for comparing the assay results. Results The DNA of lymphocytes was damaged significantly by 30% H₂0₂. There was a significant difference of results between single-layer tank and multilayer tank, but no significant difference of results among different layers of multilayer tank. Conclusion Comparing with the single-layer tank, more samples could be analyzed in multilayer tank, and the comparability of results for comet assay was improved. Multilayer tank would be helpful to standardize comet assays.

Abstract:Purpose To establish a method for the determination of boron in soybean and rolls of dried bean milk cream by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Method The samples were pretreated by microwave digestion with HNO₃ and H₂O₂ or by dried ashing after alkalified with saturated Ca(OH)₂. A mixture of calcium nitrate（10 mg/ml）- ammonium nitrate（20mg/ml）- citric acid（20 mg/ml） was used as a chemical modifier. Treated samples were determined by GFAAS. Result A good linear relationship was observed in the range of 0 ~ 1 μg/ml, r = 0.9996, and the detection limit of the method was 0.01 709 μg/ml. The RSD was from 3.56% to 6.45%, and the recovery was in the range from 87.20 % to 93.70%. Conclusion The method was simple, and its repeatability, sensitivity and accuracy could meet the requirements of analysis. It was applicable to the determination of boron in soybean and rolls of dried bean milk cream.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for the determination of 10 sulfonamides in honey, including sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfameter, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfisoxazole, with matrix solid phase dispersion and high performance liquid chromatography. Methods Honey sample was grinded and well-distributed with a solid-phase sorbent C₁₈ in a glass mortar to form a semi-solid mixture. The mixture was packed as a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, covered with a piece of paper on the top of the mixture to produce a sample/column material; and then eluted with 20ml 1+3 methylene-ethyl acetate (V/V). The eluted materials were collected and evaporated to dry at 40℃ by nitrogen gas. The residues were dissolved in 0.5ml of mobile phase solvent and passed through a 0.45μm filter membrane, and then were separated by an Agilent TC-C₁₈ column (4.6mm×250mm，5μm) and determined by HPLC. Results The linear ranges of 10 sulfonamides were 0.10-10.0 mg/L, r>0.999. The recovery ranges were 60.0%-109.3% and RSD<10%. The detection limits were 0.016-0.025mg/L and the quantification limits were 0.050~0.079mg/kg.

Abstract:Objective To establish a simple, sensitive and accurate method for the determination of ten kinds of synthetic colorant in food at the same time. Methods Synthetic colorants, including Tartrazine, New Red, Amaranth, Indigo Blue, Ponceau 4R, Sunset Yellow, Allura Red, Brillinat Blue, Quinoline Yellow and Erythrosine B in food samples were prepared with the procedures described in GB/T 5009.35 and were extracted by polyamide adsorption. Sample solutions were separated by reverse phase liquid chromatography with carbinol/acetonitrile (3+1) and acetic ammonium solution (0.02mol/L，pH=4) mixture as mobile phase under gradient elution, and quantified by DAD (Photodiode Array Detector). Results The calibration curves showed a good linearity with correlation coefficients from 0.9990 to 1．The linear range for the quantification of Tartrazine, Amaranth, Indigo Blue, Ponceau 4R and Sunset Yellow was 0.94-30.00μg/ml, New Red was 0.94-30.00μg/ml, Allura Red was 1.00-32.10μg/ml, Brillinat Blue was 0.31-10.00μg/ml, Quinoline Yellow was 1.21-9.68μg/ml and Erythrosine was 0.76-24.4μg/ml. The detection limit was from 0.03 mg/kg to 0.9mg/kg. The recovery of the method was from 87.5％ to 101.4％，and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was from 1.3％ to 5.7％． Conclusion The method is sensitive, simple and accurate, and can be used to quantify these synthetic colorant in foods at the same time. The method could meet the requirement for fast and accurate detection of synthetic colorants in food.

Abstract:Based on the standard requirements in science, safety, specification and related laws for food enterprises, 2965 technical standards formulated by enterprises on food safety were censored by experts, and the causes for not being put on records were analyzed. The main technical problems in setting up enterprise standards were indicated, and some proposals were put forward.

Abstract:Based on existing diagnostic criteria for animal and plant food poisoning, one of the difficulties to make a confirmed diagnosis according to the law is to obtain related morphological identified information. The major difficult points and problems for the implementation of morphological identification are: lack of accreditation organizations, methods and standards; no residual poisoning food remained or the morphology of food being damaged after processing; the value of identifying ordinary commercial poisonous animal and plant food and eating common poisonous animal and plant food by mistake is small; morphological identification of processed animal and plant food was difficult; the same type of toxic components have different biological problems. For this reason, a more completed set of diagnostic criteria was proposed: morphological identification should be taken as supplementary diagnostic criteria; the scope of laboratory diagnosis should be extended; a general statement on diagnostic criteria was proposed. Suggestions of setting a national directory on poisonous animal and plant foods, and strengthening the study on laboratory diagnostic indicators and test methods for toxins and other biological samples were proposed.

Abstract:Objective To explore the key points of management on foods added with probiotics. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the main production enterprises of selling foods added with probiotics in Chinese markets. Analysing and comparing the data from FAO/WHO, IDF, EU, USA, Japan and China on the management of foods added with probiotics. Results Probiotics were mainly added in milk powder, yoghourt and health food, etc., but the information on labels about probiotics were not coherent. The regulations for foods added with probiotics were diversified in different countries. Conclusion The foods added with probiotics are in ascending in food markets. The safe use and standard management of probiotics in foods are hot points in the field of food safety. The key points on the management of foods added with probiotics are: unifying and standardizing the concept of probiotics, assessing requirements and programs, taking good manufacture practice, labeling and after-market supervising.

Abstract:To summarize the experiences on the assurance of food hygiene security for the task forces in plateau earthquake areas in order to provide basis for health and logistics support of military troops carrying out diversified tasks. On the basis of food hygiene survey in the disaster areas and the surveillance on earthquake relief task forces, critical control points for food hygiene were identified. A comprehensive surveillance was pertinently done as follows: ⑴ Improving the knowledge on preventing altitude diseases and natural focus diseases (such as plague). the ability of self protection was improved generally through propagation and education; ⑵ Improving the knowledge on the importance of food hygiene for earthquake relief task forces to ensure the quality of food hygiene surveillance; ⑶ clarifying responsibilities and undertaking responsibilities level by level to make the surveillance activated; ⑷ combining the plateau environment features with the practical situation of task forces to formulate food hygiene security systems; ⑸ checking all procedures of food procurement, transportation, processing and storage strictly. ⑹ setting up an emergency system linking military and local units for food hygiene surveillance. Based on the above comprehensive supporting measures, no emergency related to food hygiene has happened in plateau earthquake relief task forces. Combining the characteristics of plateau environmental medicine with the practical situation of task forces to take specific measures, the food hygiene safety in the task forces could be ensured.

Abstract:Objective To establish HACCP system in canteens in High School District and analyze its effectiveness, in order to set an example for carrying out HACCP in other student canteens of the Corps in Xinjiang. Methods Hygienic investigation was carried out by questionnaire survey, laboratory testing, data comparison and other methods to analyze the effectiveness of applying HACCP system in student canteens. Result Health knowledge of practitioners has been improved significantly, the quality of air in operating room was not significantly different (P>0.05), the detection rate of aerobic bacterial count in food processing sectors was reduced significantly (P <0.05), the qualified rate of coliform bacteria was significantly improved (P<0.01), the qualified rate of tableware disinfection was 100% before and after implantation of HACCP. Conclusion The effectiveness of establishing HACCP system in the High School District is evident, operations on food processing are more standardized in ensuring food safety.

Abstract:Objective To find out the contamination of aquatic products from vibrio parahaemolyticus in Guangzhou city, and to provide reference basis for assessing the safety of aquatic products. Methods Aquatic products were collected quarterly from caterings, fishery markets, wholesale markets and supermarkets for testing vibrio parahemolyticus. Results A total of 102/753 aquatic product samples isolated for vibrio parahaemolyticus were positive (13.55%). The detection rate was significantly different in different species (χ²=13.106，P < 0.05), in different years(χ²=55.583，P < 0.05) and from different sampling sites( χ²=14.268，P < 0.05,). Conclusion The detection rate of vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products in Guangzhou was high, it might be one of potential risks for foodborn diseases.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the sanitation quality of milk produced in 3 communities of Elunchun, in order to provide scientific basis for the safety of milk consumed by local residents. Method Seventy two fresh bulk milk samples produced by individual self-produce and self-sale cow farms from 8 points-of-sale and twenty seven bagged fresh milk samples produced by local factories were collected and checked. Results The qualified rate for sensory indices of 99 milk samples was 82.83%, the qualified rate for aerobic plate count was 63.64% and the qualified rate for physical and chemical indices was57. 58%. Water was added in 65 bulk milk samples, accounted for 65.66% of total samples. Soybean milk was intermingled in 2 samples. Antiseptics or antibiotics were detected in 5 of bulk samples, which were shown by an improved bio-fermentation test. Most bulk milk samples examined by the degree of heating test were raw. Conclusion There are a lot of problems on the quality of milk in these three communities of Elunchun; improving supervision on the quality of milk in markets by hygienic administration departments is advised.

Abstract:Genetically modified plants with stacked events (stacked GM), the combination of two or more transgenic traits in a plant, have been the most promising transgenic products due to their multiple functions and efficient utilization of resources. However, the potential interactions among multiple transgenes might affect the safety of plants. Therefore, higher standards should be applied to the safety assessment of GM stacked events. Currently, few guidelines have been published by any country or international organizations other than the European Union. The guidance established by the European Union on GM stacked events was applied as a framework for the safety assessment in this article. This system was briefly described in the aspects of choosing reference objects, assessing molecular characteristics, comparative analysis, assessing environmental risks and toxicology/allergenicity and evaluating nutritional effects. The problems worthy of attention were also pointed out and discussed.

Abstract:Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a fluid mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers ended with trimethylsiloxy units, and is widely used in food additives, cosmetics and biomedical devices. Toxicological studies showed that PDMS is not absorbed to any appreciable extent through human skin or gastrointestinal tract, and is rapidly excreted without change into faeces. No acute toxicity and a minimal dermal irritation, but ocular lesions resulting in a slight conjunctivitis and iriditis have been observed. No carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and genetic toxicity have been identified. It seems reasonable to deduce that PDMS might have no adverse health effects under proper usage.

Abstract:The progress of main indices involved in the assessment of iron nutritional status was reviewed, including serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor and C-reactive protein. Hope to reflect the real iron nutritional status and provide references for preventing iron deficiency.

Abstract:The clinical manifestation of foodborne poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus is usually mild and self-healing. With further studies, a few food poisonings induced by B. cereus could be serious, even fatal. Twelve reported fatal cases caused by B. cereus were reviewed in this paper to investigate the common rule and pattern of the disease..