Abstract:There is no unified global standard for regulations and supervisions of food cultures and the safety evaluation of strains based on the pathogenicity， toxin-producing characteristics and drug resistance， as well as their safe use among consumers are still the focus of regulations in various countries. The safety evaluation techniques and strategies for the potential and emerging risks of food cultures are still in a state of ongoing refinement. With the innovation of technologies， methods and concepts， the application of next-generation risk assessment technology， combined with new clinical （pre-） research methods and new concepts of hierarchical and classification management， have become important means to carry out safety evaluation of food cultures， including genetically modified microorganisms. These advancements have enhanced the scientificity and accuracy of safety evaluation for food cultures， contributing as a significant part of the comprehensive implementation of all-encompassing approach to food concept. This paper systematically reviews new technologies， methods and concepts from a global perspective and their application status of the safety evaluation of food cultures， which provides reference for the supervision of food cultures used in China.

Abstract:Objective To systematically analyze the serovars and drug resistance characteristics of Salmonella contaminated with pork production chain in China from 2008 to 2023 based on literature.Methods The literature related to Salmonella in the pork production chain in China published from 2008 to 2023 was searched in China Knowledge and PubMed databases and 83 articles were screened. The data were statistically analyzed by using SPSS and Excel. According to time span， the literature were divided into three time periods： T1 （2008-2012）， T2 （2013—2017） and T3 （2018—2023） and were analyzed in comparison with the European Union and the United States homologous data on serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility.Results The average positivity rate of Salmonella contamination in pork production chains in China from 2008 to 2023 was 18.0%， with higher positivity rates in both the slaughter （19.6%） and retail （29.1%） segments than in the farmed segment （8.4%）， which was much higher than that in the EU （slaughter： 1.4%； retail： 1.7%） and the United States （slaughter： 15.9%； retail： 1.4%） （P<0.05）. The most common serovars of Salmonella of pork origin in China were Samonella Derby （28.4%）， Samonella Typhimurium and Samonella I 4，［5］，12：i：- （24.7%） and Samonella Rissen （12.9%） and the rate of contamination varied over time： a gradual decrease in Derby， and a gradual increase in Samonella Typhimurium and S. I 4，［5］，12：i：- and Samonella Rissen. Five Salmonella of swine origin （Samonella Derby， Samonella Typhimurium and Samonella I 4，［5］，12：i：-， Salmonella Enteritidis， Samonella london and Samonella Rissen） had high rates of resistance to antimicrobial drugs such as doxycycline （85.1%）， tetracycline （78.8%）， ampicillin （65.1%） and chloramphenicol （61.5%） and were significantly higher than those in the EU and the USA （P<0.05）. The resistance rates of ampicillin， cotrimoxazole， tetracycline and ciprofloxacin showed an increasing trend with time， increasing by 38.3%， 28.2%， 18.0% and 15.1%， respectively.Conclusion The contamination rate of Salmonella from pork sources in China was high， there was an elimination of some dominant serovars. The resistance rate of tetracycline antimicrobials showed an increasing trend in the whole. It is recommended to strengthen the regulation of the use of veterinary antimicrobial drugs in the pork production chain.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the relationship between trans fatty acid （TFA） intake and mild cognitive impairment （MCI） in Chinese residents.Methods Based on the 2018 survey data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey， subjects aged ≥40 years and those with completed data of demographics， lifestyle， disease history， dietary survey， cognitive assessment and physical measurement were selected. Data on food consumption collected by three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls， combined with food TFA composition data were used to assess daily TFA intake amount. The Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination （MMSE） was employed to measure global cognitive function and MCI was further identified. The association between TFA intake amount or groups by quintiles （<0.55， 0.55~0.90， 0.91~1.31， 1.32~2.13 and ≥2.14 g/d） and MCI was analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression and their dose-response relationship was explored by restricted cubic spline.Results A total of 4 507 subjects were included. The median （P₂₅， P₇₅） intake of TFA was 1.09 （0.64， 1.84） g/d， with MCI prevalence was 19.1% overall. The prevalence of MCI across quintiles of TFA intake was 20.7%， 19.2%， 17.0%， 16.8% and 21.9%， respectively. The differences were significant （P=0.030 7）. After adjusting for confounders （age， gender， education attainment， household income， marital status， residence， smoking， alcohol intake， physical activity， energy intake， choronic disease history and BMI）， TFA intake significantly increased the likelihood of MCI （OR=1.057， 95%CI： 1.004-1.111）. The probability of MCI in the Q5 group was 1.338 times higher than that in the Q1 group （95%CI： 1.031-1.739）. There was an interaction between age and TFA intake on the likelihood of MCI （P=0.014 5）， the likelihood of MCI in the Q5 group in subjects aged 40-64 years relative to Q1 （OR=1.537， 95%CI： 1.074-2.212） was higher than that in ≥65-year-old group （OR=1.135， 95%CI： 0.763-1.688）.Conclusion Higher TFA intake may increase the prevalence of MCI in Chinese residents aged 40 years and older. Reasonable diet and reducing TFA intake are of great significance to decrease MCI.

Abstract:Objective Developed a method based on solid phase extraction（SPE） combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） to determine 1，2-propanediol in milk.Methods The precipitation technology of protein and solid phase extraction，pretreatment technology in milk testing，were carefully investigated. Protein of sample milk was precipitated by potassium ferrocyanide and zinc acetate， then cleaned-up by silicious earth SPE.Results In the range of 0.1-50 μg/mL，1，2-propanediol had good linear with R²=0.999 4 under the selected conditions. The recovery and relative standard deviation were 81.8%-86.5 % and 3.1%-5.8% at 0.33， 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg spiked. And the minimum detection concentration of the method was 0.1 mg/kg.Conclusion The developed method has proved convenient， environmental- friendly， accurate and sensitive.

Abstract:Objective To provide the technical support for hot pot base product supervision and risk warning， an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of aflatoxins B group， G group and ochratoxin A in hotpot seasoning was established and optimized.Methods After extracted by 84% acetonitrile-water and cleaned up by 2 in 1 immunity column， 5 types target mycotoxins were separated by BEH C18（100 mm×2.1 mm，1.7 μm） under 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile-methanol mobile phase. The optimized LC-MS/MS was validated and applicated in 25 hotpot seasoning samples from Internet merchant，which quantificated by internal standards.Results The method was validated and demonstrated a good linear relationship in range of 0.1-20 ng/mL. The detective limits were 0.03 μg/kg and the quantitative limits were 0.1 μg/kg. The recoveries were between 90.59% and 117.36%. The relative standard deviation were from 2.83% to 9.44%. The optimized method was applicated in 25 hotpot seasoning analysis， with detection rates of aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A 40% and 72%， respectively.Conclusion The optimized 2 in 1 immunoaffinity clean-up pretreatment in this study is highly targeted. The method has a good sensitivity， satisfied recovery rate and precision. It is suitable for the quantitative analysis of mycotoxins in hotpot seasoning， which could provide technical support for risk monitoring and early warning of mycotoxins in in hotpot seasoning.

Abstract:Objective Investigating the contents of aflatoxins （AFs）， zearalenone （ZEN） and fumonisins （FBs） in edible vegetable oils to find out the pollution status of typical mycotoxins and provide bases for evaluating the safety status of edible vegetable oils sold in China.Methods A total of 5 968 edible vegetable oils were collected from 28 provinces （autonomous regions， municipalities） in China， which would be then detected to determine the content of AFs， ZEN， FBs by national manual on risk monitoring of food pollution and harmful factors. The data obtained had been dealt using descriptive statistical analysis， while χ² square test was used to compare the data between groups.Results The total detection rate of mycotoxins in 5 968 edible vegetable oils was 25.75%. The detection rate of AFs in 4 933 commercial edible vegetable oils is 13.42% with the highest content of AFs 1 043.05 μg/kg， while the exceeding standard rate is 1.62% and all the exceeding standard samples are peanut oils， especially the bulk peanut oil samples. The detection rate of ZEN in 1 190 edible corn oils is 72.35% with the highest content 2 326.00 μg/kg， while the exceeding standard rate is 11.76%. The detection rate of FBs in 667 edible corn oils was 2.85%， while both the total detection rate and most of the detection values are low.Conclusion It is considered that mycotoxins pollution in edible vegetable oils in China could not be ignored， especially AFs pollution in peanut oils and ZEN pollution in corn oils. It is necessary to focus on tracking and monitoring and take targeted measures to strengthen supervision.

Abstract:Objective The method of high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was developed to study the detection of synthetic colorants in natural pigments and condiment.Methods The analytes were extracted by direct ultrasonic extraction with water. The analytes were separated on a ShimNex C18 column （4.6 mm×150 mm， 5 μm） using a mobile phase comprising methanol and 0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate solution. The analytes were detected by HPLC and quantified by external standard method.Results The good linear relationship of peak area was observed for the 8 synthetic colorants used frequently with correlation coefficients ≥0.999 1 in the concentration range of 0.1-25 μg/mL， and the average recoveries of the blank samples at different added levels ranged from 84.7% to 105.3% with RSDs of 0.8%-5.7%. Application of the method， synthetic colorants were detected in condiment claimed to add natural pigments， as well as in radish red and betacyanin natural pigment raw materials， which were ponceau 4R， sunset yellow and amaranth，and more than two synthetic colorants were detected simultaneously in samples. Showed that synthetic colorants were generally detected in the raw materials of natural colorants， the situation of added low doses or multiple colorant compounds existed in some natural colorant raw materials.Conclusion The established methods is fast and reliable， and the suggestions and references for enterprises are provided to avoid risks， using colorants in compliance and effective supervision of relevant functional departments. At the same time， it is great practical significance for ensuring food safety.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the re-inspection results of 4 types of aflatoxins in wheat and its products inspected in He’nan Province in 2023，a simple evaluation method was attempted to establish.Methods A total of 51 samples of wheat and its products were sampled from 15 cities within the province for national routine and provincial emergency monitoring projects. Simultaneous retesting of aflatoxin tricothecene A （TeA）， T-2 toxin（TEN）， ochratoxinA （AOH） and ochratoxin A methyl ester （AME） in the sample was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with internal standardmethod. The relativedeviation（RD） between the two detection results was classified and statistically analyzed to evaluate the detection performance of different detection institutions and projects.Results The provincial disease control laboratory showed better performance in controlling data variability， with 60.4% of RD data points within 30%， followed by the special project laboratory and the nine prefecture-level city laboratories showed the lowest performance. Among the four detection projects， TeA and TEN showed high sensitivity and good response， with 64.7% of RD data points within 30%， while AOH and AME showed relatively poor performance. The higher the order of magnitude of the result value， the better the consistency and reliability of the detection results.Conclusion The stratification of RD indicates the quality of detection data， reflecting the consistency and accuracy of the detection process and the level of quality control of the detection projects. By analyzing the RD of different detection projects， the detection quality can be effectively identified. Most of the detection results of the samples have high consistency， indicating that the detection institutions have performed well overall. However， some detection projects or areas have higher relative deviations， requiring more attention and improvement. Further investigation of the causes and adoption of corresponding measures to reduce variability is needed to provide a basis for subsequent quality control.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the pollution levels of common risk factors in Gastrodia elata B1. sold in Yunnan province， and to evaluate its dietary exposure levels and health risks.Methods Using the risk monitoring data of Gastrodia elata B1. in 2021 and the consumption survey data from the main production areas of Gastrodia elata B1. in 2017. Single factor pollution index and Nemero comprehensive pollution index were used to reflect the pollution levels of risk factors. Probability evaluation method was used to calculate the exposure levels of common risk factors in Gastrodia elata B1， including heavy metals（lead， cadmium， mercury， arsenic， chromium）， sulfur dioxide， and pesticide residues （difenoconazole， propiconazole， procymidone， metalaxyl， prochloraz， bifenthrin， cyhalothrin）. The total dietary exposure levels of contaminants were comprehensively considered， referencing the Codex Alimentarius Commission’s identification of significant contributions to total dietary exposure. The potential health risks were assessed .based on the proportion of corresponding health guidance values or benchmark doses．Results The overall pollution levels of common heavy metals and pesticide residues in Gastrodia elata B1. were relatively low. The average exposure levels of cadmium， total chromium， total mercury， and sulfur dioxide caused by the consumption of Gastrodia elata B1. by the general population are all less than 5% of the health guidance values； The high exposure level （P₉₅ value） of cadmium accounted for 8.88% of the health guidance value； MOE values for both the general exposure level of lead，the general and high exposure level of total arsenic were greater than 20. However， the MOE of high exposure level of lead was less than 20， which health risk requires attention. Under acute exposure conditions， The ARfD values of acute exposure to difenoconazole， metalaxyl and prochloraz caused by consuming Gastrodia elata B1. were 0.02%， 0.01%， and 0.01%， respectively； The results of chronic exposure assessment showed that the exposure levels of the general population and high consumption population to the seven pesticides accounted for less than 5% of the health guidance values， indicating relatively low health risks.Conclusion In general， the health risks to the consumer population caused by exposure to lead， cadmium， total chromium， total arsenic， total mercury， and pesticides from consuming Gastrodia elata B1. are relatively low；In high exposure situations， attention should be paid to the health risks of cadmium and lead.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the pollution status of lead （Pb）， cadmium （Cd）， arsenic （As）， mercury （Hg） and chromium （Cr） in Ganoderma lucidum sold in Lishui City and to evaluate the exposure risk of toxic and harmful elements among consumers in Lishui City.Methods The contents of lead， cadmium， arsenic， mercury and chromium in 50 samples of Ganoderma lucidum sold in Lishui were detected and the contamination degree was evaluated by single factor index and comprehensive pollution index. The consumption of Ganoderma lucidum in Lishui city was investigated， and the dietary exposure level was calculated by point assessment method to assess the health risk. At the same time， the leaching rate of toxic and harmful elements was tested according to two common eating methods.Results The average single-factor pollution index of Pb， CD， As and Hg in Lishui Ganoderma lucidum was less than 0.6， which was safe level. Conservative estimation based on direct consumption method，the average daily consumption of ganoderma lucidum consumption group was 3.04 g， and that of high consumption group （P₉₅） was 10.00 g. The dietary exposure levels of five toxic and harmful elements were all at a safe level by point assessment method， and the risk level was Cr>Cd>Pb>Hg>As. Lead， cadmium， arsenic and chromium were all leached in the soaking solution and mercury was not. The leaching rate of poisonous and harmful elements in Ganoderma lucidum tablets was higher than that of Ganoderma lucidum.Conclusion The dietary exposure risk of toxic and harmful elements caused by the consumption of Ganoderma lucidum is low and in an acceptable range.

Abstract:Objective To provide a preliminary understanding of the residues of anticoccidial drugs in eggs in China and to assess the associated dietary exposure risks.Methods A statistical analysis was performed on the residue data of four anticoccidial drugs found in 1 968 egg samples collected from 31 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities） across China in 2022. The point assessment method was used to assess the dietary exposure risks of anticoccidial drug residues for children and adults consuming these eggs.Results Four anticoccidial drugs were detected to different degrees with an overall detection rate of 3.40%. The detection rates were highest in samples from farmers’ markets， followed by online stores and the lowest in retail stores. The detection rate was higher in bulk foods compared to packaged foods. The six provinces with the highest detection rates were Hainan， Inner Mongolia， Jiangxi， Hubei， Yunnan and Sichuan. The dietary exposure levels for different age groups， based on the average residues of the four veterinary drugs， ranged from 1.97×10^-4 to 3.92×10^-3 μg/（kg·BW/d）. Toltrazuril sulfone was the anticoccidial drug with the highest contribution to dietary exposure across all age groups. The hazard quotients for all dietary exposures were well below 1.Conclusion In 2022， the overall detection rate of anticoccidial drug residues in eggs from 30 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities） in China was low， but some regions exhibited levels exceeding the standard， which warrants attention. The risk of dietary exposure to anticoccidial drugs through egg consumption is very low， but enhanced regulation and traceability are needed to further safeguard the health of children.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination of five mycotoxins produced by Alternaria， including tenuazonic acid （TeA）， tentoxin （TEN）， alternariol monomethyl ether （AME）， altenuene （ALT） and alternariol （AOH）， in commercially available flour， noodles， bread and steamed buns sold to determine the dietary exposure risk.Methods This study collected a total of 245 Anhui Province central， north and northwest region flour-based products samples in 2021 and 2022， and a QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS method was used to detect the concentration of TeA， TEN， AME， ALT and AOH.Results The detection rates of TEN and TeA in the samples were 80.4% and 98.0%， while AME， AOH， and their concentration ranges were 0.34-1.74 μg/kg and 1.17-85.68 μg/kg， ALT were not detected （<LOD）. There were significant differences in the levels of five alternaria toxins （ATs） in flour-based products from different samples （flour， noodles， bread， and steamed buns sold） and regions （northern Anhui， central Anhui， northwestern Anhui）. Moreover， there was a significant correlation between TEN and TeA in flour， noodles， and bread.Conclusion The daily exposure doses of TeA in flour products for adult males， adult females， boys and girls were 20.6、23.9、27.9 and 29.2 ng/（kg·BW/d）， respectively， while the daily exposure doses of TEN were 3.1、3.5、4.1 and 4.3 ng/（kg·BW/d）， the levels of all five ATs were below the threshold of toxicological concern values， the risk of dietary exposure is relatively low.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the risk control of plasticizers in Chinese white wine since the risk assessment results of plasticizers in Chinese white wine products in 2014 released by The National Health and Family Planning Commission.Methods One hundred Chinese white wine samples were collected from physical stores， online supermarkets and liquor stores in Guangzhou. According to Method for the Determination of Phthalates Esters in Food （GB 5009.271—2016）， plasticizers in the collected Chinese white wine samples were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry， with the risk reference of Bis （2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP） and Dibutyl phthalate （DBP） were 5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg respectively. Chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used to analyze the exceeding and detection rate with P<0.05 was cosidered statistically significant. The point assessment method was used to assess the risk of Chinese white wine plasticizer intake of adult residents in Guangdong Province.Results The excess reference value rates of DBP and DEHP of the 100 Chinese white wine samples were 7% and 1% respectively. Among them， the detection values of DBP and DEHP of one sample exceeded the reference value at the same time. The maximum detection values of the two items （DBP： 47.1 mg/kg， DEHP： 5.55 mg/kg） came from two samples， both of which were produced in 1996， and the detection values of the remaining five samples with excess reference value were below 4 mg/kg and were produced before 2014.The detection rate of plasticizers and the rate of exceeding the reference value of Chinese white wine produced in and before the nominal year of 2014 are higher than those produced after 2014 （P<0.05）. The risk assessment results suggest that when residents in Guangdong Province drink prepackaged Chinese white wine with average consumption， for the low average content of DBP and DEHP in Chinese white wine， the health risks to them are within the tolerance range of human beings， but it may bring some more risks if they drink too much.Conclusion The DBP and DEHP pollution of prepackaged Chinese white wine sold in Guangzhou is not prominent， but we should pay more attention to the Chinese white wine produced before 2014， and drinkers should control alcohol consumption.

Abstract:Objective To understand the status of sugar-sweetened beverage （SSB） consumption among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 2 provinces of northeast China and discuss the influencing factors.Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used，children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 2 provinces of northeast China were selected. The data of SSB consumption were collected by non-consecutive 24-hour-dietary for 3 d. Information including SSB consumption rate，consumption and the influencing factors.Results The SSB consumption rate of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 2 provinces of northeast China was 28.13%，the P₇₅ consumption was 66.67 mL/d and the P₅₀ consumption of the consumer group was 166.67 mL/d. The top three selected SSB were carbonated beverages （13.19%）， fruit and vegetable juice beverages （7.81%） and tea beverages （6.73%）. Among them，the consumption rate of carbonated beverages in boys was higher than that in girls. The consumption rate of milk beverages in girls was higher than that in boys. Logistic analysis showed that children and adolescents in the 15-17 age group （OR=2.71， 95%CI：1.51-4.85， P<0.01），rural areas（OR=1.82， 95%CI： 1.19-2.77， P<0.01）， high household income（OR=1.49， 95%CI： 1.02-2.19， P<0.05） and parents who drank SSB were more likely to consume SSB （OR=2.28、10.29， 95%CI： 1.36-3.84、6.10-17.37， P<0.01）.Conclusion The consumption of SSB among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 2 provinces of northeast China was still at a low level， but the consumption level of consumer group was high. Targeted science popularization education should be strengthened for the 15-17 age group， children and adolescents in rural areas and parents with SSB consumption habits and a supportive environment should be built to guide children and adolescents to eat reasonably.