Abstract:With the growing popularity of emerging products such as pre-made meals and the development of emerging industries like the health sector， people’s daily intake have become more diversified. The existing nutrition legislation is unable to meet the growing nutritional improvement needs of residents. Current nutrition related legislation is characterized by fragmented distribution， deficiencies in implementation tools and management coordination， and a lack of specialized rules for nutrition experts and nutrition standards， resulting in insufficient protection of the nutritional needs of the population. It is of great importance to improve residents’ nutrition legislation in our country as soon as possible， and to clarify the nutritional protection of vulnerable groups’ new needs， emerging food forms， and emerging industries related to nutrition through legislation.

Abstract:Objective Exploring the neurotoxic effects of combined exposure to commonly detected pesticide residues in citrus， including profenofos （PFF） ，avermectin （ABM）， difenoconazole （DIF）， bifenthrin （BIF）， and imidacloprid （IMI）， respectively， on Caenorhabditis elegans.Methods Wild type N2 and transgenic EG1285 （unc-47：：GFP） C. elegans were exposed to mycotoxins in the liquid environment for 24-72 h， and the body length inhibition rates of five pesticides were measured. Based on the single toxic effect， low， medium and high （1/10 EC₅₀， 1/2 EC₅₀， EC₅₀） dose groups were designed to investigate the effects of PFF mixed with four other pesticides， respectively. On the motility behavior of C. elegans， followed by using Chou-Talalay model to analyze the type of combined toxicity. Finally， a combined neurotoxicity study was conducted on the PFF-ABM mixture which showing the significantly synergistic effects to further explore its effects on the chemotaxis， predation rate， ATP and GABA levels and GABAergic neurons.Results The toxic effects of the five pesticides on the body length of nematodes （24 h） were in the order of ABM （EC₅₀=0.015 μg/mL）>PFF （EC₅₀=0.458 μg/mL）>DIF （EC₅₀=10.585 μg/mL）>IMI （EC₅₀=39.981 μg/mL）>BIF （EC₅₀=46.623 μg/mL）. The results of the combined toxicity effects of pesticide mixtures showed that all pesticide combination treatment groups had inhibitory effects on the motility behavior of C. elegans. The combined toxic effects of PFF-DIF， PFF-BIF and PFF-IMI were synergistic at low concentrations whereas antagonistic at high concentrations. However， the combined toxic effect of PFF-ABM was synergistic at all the tested concentration. The ATP and GABA levels of C. elegans in the medium and high-dose groups of PFF-ABM were significantly lower than those in the PFF and ABM groups alone （P<0.05）. In the experiment of neuronal developmental damage， the fluorescence intensity of GABAergic neurons in transgenic C. elegans in the high-dose group of PFF-ABM decreased by 43.38% and 33.20%， respectively， compared to the PFF and ABM alone groups.Conclusion The combined neurotoxic effects of PFF and ABM mixture was synergistic and the combined neurotoxic effects of the mixtures with the other three pesticides showed a trend of shifting from synergistic to antagonistic effects with the increasing exposure concentration. PFF-ABM combined exposure induced synergistic effects by reducing the ATP and GABA levels and damaging GABAergic neurons in nematodes.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the drug resistance， molecular characteristics and prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O10：K4 in Guangdong Province from 2020 to 2022， and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.Methods Serological identification， drug susceptibility test， MLST typing and whole genome sequencing were performed for Vibrio parahemolyticus strains isolated from clinical samples of infected patients in Guangdong Province from 2020 to 2022. At the same time， the microbial gene annotation system was used to annotate the drug resistance genes and virulence factors.Results The 290 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus could be divided into 24 serotypes， of which O10：K4 accounted for 31.38% （91/290）. Drug susceptibility test of 91 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O10：K4 showed that all strains were resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to other drugs. A total of 75 of 290 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were selected for whole genome sequencing. The MLST typing and phylogenetic evolutionary relationship analysis showed that ST3 was the main sequence type of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O10：K4 （97.92%， 47/48） and was the closest genetic evolution to O3：K6. In addition， four novel Vibrio parahemolyticus sequence types were also identified in this study： ST3485， ST3486， ST3488 and ST3494. Vibrio parahaemolyticus O10：K4 has unique genetic markers of pandemic strains （toxRS/new+， orf8+， tdh+， and trh-） and carries multiple virulence genes， and the distribution of virulence genes is similar to that of serotypes O4：KUT and O3：K6.Conclusion The dominant serotype of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Guangdong Province from 2020 to 2022 is O10：K4， which has similar molecular characteristics to O3：K6 and is sensitive to multiple antibiotics. Vibrio parahemolyticus sequences showed high diversity and clear phylogenetic clades， with ST3 as the local dominant clonal group.

Abstract:Objective To develop a rapid method for the screening and identification of foodborne （C. perfringens） isolates using multiple nucleic acid detection system combined with matrix assisted laser desorpt ionionization time of flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS）， and to provide a new strategy for the identification of foodborne pathogens.Methods Samples from a food poisoning incident in Zhangjiagang City were collected for rapid screening with the multiplex nucleic acid detection system and MALDI-TOF MS， detection with traditional biochemical and MALDI-TOF MS， the accuracy of the results was verified by Real-time PCR combined with 16S rRNA sequencing.Results After initial screening using a multiplex nucleic acid detection system and MALDI-TOF MS， preliminary evidence indicated the samples had C. perfringens. Following GB 4789.13—2012 testing protocol， 31 strains of C. perfringens were identified in 122 samples associated with food poisoning incidents. Furthermore， fluorescence quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were employed to verify 7 strains that showed inconsistent biochemical test results. These additional analyses ultimately confirmed that these 7 strains were indeed C. perfringens.Conclusion The multiple nucleic acid detection system has the advantages of prompt detection and elimination of routine detection items， and the MALDI-TOF MS is easy to operate， rapid， has a high accuracy of detection results. The combination of the two technologies can quickly and accurately screen and confirm pathogenic factors， providing a new effective method for the detection of foodborne pathogens.

Abstract:Objective To develop a high-performance liquid chromatography-based method for the determination of L-threonate in magnesium L-threonate products.Methods The samples were dissolved in water and separated by C18 reversed-phase chromatography with 0.1% phosphoric acid solution and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min and the column temperature was 40 ℃， detection was performed at 210 nm using a diode detector.Results The linear relationship between the reference materials of L-threonoid acid was good in the range of 20-500 μg/mL， and the correlation coefficient was r²>0.999. The limit of detection was 1 g/100 g， and the limit of quantification was 2.5 g/100 g. The relative standard deviation （RSD） of intra-day precision and inter-day precision was 0.10%-0.19%， and RSD of the reproducibility was 0.25%-0.40%.Conclusion The method has the advantages of high precision， good stability and simple operation， and can meet the requirements of quality control of magnesium L-threonate product.

Abstract:Objective To establish a double-layer solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography （DLSPE-HPLC） method for the simultaneous determination of five active components， including Liquiritin， Isoglycyrrhizin， Glycyrrhizin， Glycyrrhizic Chalcone A and Glabridine， in medicinal and edible Chinese herbal Liquorice root tablets using macroporous weak base anion exchange resin-carbon nanotubes （IER-CNTs）. To provide reference for the quality and safety comprehensive evaluation of licorice decoction pieces.Methods The chromatography was performed on a Platisil ODS column with acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid as mobile phase and gradient elution. The detection wavelength was set at 237 nm， the column temperature was 30 ℃， and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The active components and their contents of liquorice samples were determined statistically and analyzed by component analysis.Results The linear relationship of this method is good （r>0.999）， with a linear range of 0.5-100 μg/ml， a recovery rate of 94.58-97.45%， and a relative standard deviation of 1.3-3.2%. Five target components were detected in Liquorice root tablets， and the overall quality was good.Conclusion This method is suitable for simultaneous determination and content analysis of 5 active components in Glycyrrhiza liquorice samples. Component analysis statistics can provide theoretical reference and methodological guidance for comprehensive evaluation of drug efficacy and quality safety of glycyrrhiza liquorrhiza in batch development.

Abstract:Objective The determination of metal content of iron， copper and heavy metal element of lead in wine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） was established.Methods The wine samples were digested by temperature programmed microwave digestion system. Helium gas was used as reaction gas to eliminate molecular ion interference， and the samples were determined by ICP-MS method. The influence of ⁵⁶Fe and ⁵⁷Fe isotopes on the determination results in collision mode and non-collision mode were verified. The differences of three pretreatment methods， microwave digestion， dilution and electrothermic digestion were compared.Results The parameters of the instrument were optimized and the detection limits of the three elements were 0.003-0.007 mg/L， precision of the method was 0.8%-5.1% and the recovery was 90.4%-106.0%. It was proved that the iron content in wine can be determined accurately by microwave digestion-⁵⁶Fe-collision mode or microwave digestion-⁵⁷Fe-non-collision mode. The direct dilution method can be used to determine elements of lead and copper quickly and accurately. Contents of iron and lead were determined with certified reference material and results were in the specified range.Conclusion The method has the advantages of high sensitivity， rapid and accurate detection results， and is suitable for the determination of iron， copper and lead in wine.

Abstract:Objective To use physiologically based pharmacokinetic （PBPK） model to predict the tissue distribution of quercetin in human， and analyze its distribution and metabolic transformation process in different physiological compartments， so as to supplement the deficiency of human experimental data， and provide technical support for health risk-benefit assessment and safe intake formulation of quercetin.Methods Based on the physicochemical properties of quercetin， physiological parameters of rats and ADME parameters， a rat PBPK model was constructed by GastroPlus software. The predicted concentration-time curve of the model was compared with the measured data to verify the accuracy of the main pharmacokinetic parameters. The model is further extrapolated to human PBPK model， and the accuracy， sensitivity and correlation analysis are completed.Results The predicted and measured ratios of major pharmacokinetic parameters of PBPK models in rats and human were within the error range of 0.5 to 2 times， and the average folding error and absolute average folding error were both at acceptable levels， indicating that the model was well fitted and the prediction results were highly reliable.Conclusion The PBPK model of rats was successfully constructed， and based on this model， the human pharmacokinetic behavior was predicted， which provided a theoretical basis for efficient and safe use and management of quercetin.

Abstract:Objective To understand the pollution of 17 phthalate ester compounds （PAEs） in Baijiu sold in Guiyang City and evaluate the dietary exposure risk of residents in Guiyang City.Methods The data of 17 PAEs in Baijiu sold in Guiyang City from 2021 to 2023 were randomly sampled， and the dietary exposure of PAEs in Baijiu was evaluated by the point evaluation method combined with the consumption and weight information of Guizhou residents.Results From 2021 to 2023， 760 samples of Baijiu on the market were collected， the total rate of exceeding the reference value is 11.71%（89/760）， and the average total content of 17 PAEs was 0.310 mg/kg. The detection rate of di-n-butyl phthalate is as high as 88.95%（676/760）， and the rate of exceeding the reference value is 11.45%（87/760）； The detection rate of di （2-ethylhexyl） phthalate is 48.03%（365/760）， with a exceedance rate of 4.87%（37/760）； Dimethyl phthalate has a certain degree of non-compliance （0.39%）； Although the overall detection rate of the remaining 14 PAEs is relatively high， the degree of pollution is relatively light. From the sampling site perspective， the detection rate and over reference rate of PAEs in wholesale markets and distilleries are relatively high. The point assessment method suggested that the PAEs risk index of Baijiu intake by Guiyang residents was low.Conclusion The pollution of PAEs in Baijiu sold in Guiyang should be paid attention to by relevant departments and consumers. The health risk of Baijiu consumption by Guiyang residents is low and acceptable.

Abstract:Objective Over analysis of epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease events caused by Century eggs in Mianyang City， we provide scientific basis and technical guidance for the effective prevention and control of such foodborne disease events.Methods A descriptive analysis was conducted by collecting outbreaks caused by Century eggs in Mianyang reported by Mianyang City through the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System from 2014 to 2023.Results From 2014 to 2023， it was reported 151 foodborne disease outbreaks caused by eating Century eggs in Mianyang City， with 515 cases and 1 death. The attack rate was 69.41% and the fatality rate was 0.19%， accounting for 21.98% of the foodborne disease outbreaks reported in the same period. The period from May to September was the high incidence period of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by eating Century eggs， accounting for 82.78% of the reported incidents. the main places of occurrence were families， accounting for 90.07% of the total number of incidents. The source of Century eggs purchased was mainly home-made， accounting for 37.75% of the reported incidents； Century eggs were eaten directly in cold sauce or raw， accounting for 100.00% of the reported events； In the events where the pathogen has been identified， the pathogen was always Salmonella， accounting for 77.48% of the reported incidents， and the serotype was mainly Salmonella typhimurium.Conclusion Century eggs were the main cause of foodborne Salmonella outbreak in Mianyang City.Therefore， monitoring and early warning should be strengthened in high-risk areas， peak seasons， and key venues， and targeted health education and publicity on related food safety should be carried out. The family should be the focus of prevention and health education. We should guide the public not to home made Century eggs， fully cook Century eggs before consumption， so as to minimize foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Century eggs.

Abstract:Objective An epidemiological investigation and analysis were conducted on an outbreak of food-borne disease to explore the patterns of occurrence， the critical points of on-site management and countermeasures for food-borne disease outbreaks， providing a basis for future management of similar incidents and prevention and control strategies.Methods Epidemiological characteristics of the foodborne disease outbreak among diners at Restaurant W between 24-27 May 2021， were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods； A case-control study was conducted to investigate suspected foods， and an environmental hygiene investigation was performed to trace the contamination process of the suspected foods； The 40 biological samples from patients and food handlers at Restaurant W， along with the 18 food samples and samples from the food processing environment， were collected for testing.Results This incident revealed 344 individuals affected， with 96 cases， representing the incidence rate of 27.90%； Vibrio parahaemolyticus was detected in 31 of the 58 samples collected， with a detection rate of 53.45%. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns of the strains isolated from beef and the cases were identical， confirming the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination in the beef served as food.Conclusion This incident represents an outbreak of foodborne disease at W Restaurant， attributed to the consumption of beef contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Prompt sealing of the site and the collection of samples for testing were crucial in controlling the spread of the disease and identifying the source and route of contamination. It is imperative to enhance coordination among various departments， cultivate and enhance capabilities for grassroots’s departments of disease prevention and control .

Abstract:Ergot alkaloids are a type of alkaloids secondary metabolic produced by Claviceps or Epichlo? spp infected with black barley， wheat， rye， rice， corn， oats， and various other gramineous plants. Long-term exposure to ergot alkaloids can result in extensive toxic effects on the nervous， reproductive， liver， kidney， cardiovascular and other organ systems. These effects can induce neurological， genetic development and cardiovascular damage and diseases. Acute poisoning can lead to gangrenous ergot poisoning and spastic ergot poisoning. This paper provides an overview of the physicochemical properties and biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids， as well as a summary of the pollution status， exposure toxicity and techniques for prevention and control reduction of ergot alkaloids. It aims to offer a reference for the development of strategies to prevent and control ergot alkaloid pollution in food raw materials and products.

Abstract:Infectious diarrhea is one of the major public hygienic health problems in the world. Although the elderly population is particularly susceptible to encountering infectious diarrhea， there is few scientific research specifically focused on analyzing the pathogenic microorganisms in those over 60 years old. Therefore， this paper analyzes 151 literatures published after 2000， examining the fundamental characteristics of annual publication numbers， publishing institutions， and keywords. The information include biological characteristics and prevalence patterns of the three most frequently reported pathogens—Salmonella， Norovirus， and diarrheagenic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli—are summarized in order to provide theoretical references for preventing and controlling infectious diarrhea in elderly individuals.