Abstract:This article focuses on the global and Chinese issue of hidden malnutrition， analyzing its causes including nutrient loss in crops， nutritional depletion during food processing and storage， and imbalanced dietary structure. It highlights that nutrient fortifiers are a key means to address micronutrient deficiencies. By comparing the integrated regulatory models of China， the US， and Japan with the independent management systems of international organizations， the EU， Australia and New Zealand， the paper reveals challenges in China’s current approach of regulating nutrient fortifiers under food additives， such as ambiguous functional positioning and public cognitive biases. It proposes amending the Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China to establish an independent regulatory system， clarifying the legal definition， approval procedures， and safety assessment criteria for nutrient fortifiers. This aims to shift food safety governance from “risk prevention” to “nutrition promotion”， supporting the realization of the “Healthy China 2030” initiative.

Abstract:Objective Understanding the differences in mineral content in wheat flour under different processing precisions can guide the production of wheat flour processing industry and also help guide the adjustment of residents’ daily dietary structure.Methods Wheat samples from 13 planting sits in Shaanxi Province were collected and processed into whole wheat flour， special flour and wheat core flour. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry （ICP-OES） was used to determine the mineral content， the index of nutritional quality （INQ） was used to evaluate the mineral elements， and analyze the variance and correlation of nine minerals in wheat flour with different precisions.Results The nine minerals in the three types of wheat flour showed different downward trends， there were the largest declines of Mg， Mn and Zn， and the total amount of minerals of three wheat flours were 959， 341 and 300 mg/100 g. The analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the minerals in whole wheat flour and the latter two （P<0.05）， but there was no significant difference between the special flour and wheat core flour （P>0.05）. The results of INQ method showed，with the change of machining accuracy， the INQ values of the corresponding elements decreased， and the INQ values of some elements decreased to less than 1， but the INQ values of Mn and Cu in wheat core flour were still greater than 1. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the processing accuracy and the nine minerals （correlation coefficient： -0.615--0.884）. There were different degrees of positive correlation among the nine elements， and the correlation coefficient between some elements was >0.9， indicating that the variability of mineral content converged.Conclusion This study shows that deep processing will cause the loss of minerals in wheat flour， and the development of safer， healthier， delicious and better whole wheat flour is the direction of the development of whole grain industry.

Abstract:Objective In this study， we established sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （sELISA） methods to detect major soybean allergens β-Conglycinin and glycinin.Methods A single-factor experiment was conducted to optimize the method for isolating and enriching β-Conglycinin and glycinin from defatted soy protein powder， determining the addition amounts of the precipitants CaCl₂ and NaHSO₃， and the effect of the separation time and speed on the separation. The checkerboard method was used to determine the optimal working concentrations of the capture and detection antibodies， the reaction time for each step， and the dilution solvent for the target protein. An ELISA detection method was established and its performance was evaluated.Results Before centrifugal separation of β-Conglycinin and glycinin， 10 mmol/L CaCl₂ and 0.01 mmol/L NaHSO₃ were added as precipitants and reducing agents， respectively. The precipitation was left overnight and the centrifugation speed was increased to 10 000 r/min， resulting in extraction rates of 41.81% and 54.06% for β-Conglycinin and glycinin， respectively， with clear protein bands. For the sELISA of β-Conglycinin， 0.5 μg/mL 3A9 mAb was used as the capture antibody， and 2E2mAb-HRP was diluted 1∶4000 as the detection antibody. The antigen and detection antibody were incubated for 90 min each， and the color development was for 15 min. A four-parameter fit and linear fit were used to draw the standard curve. The LOD of this method was 1.36 ng/mL， and the standard curve shows good linearity in the concentration range of 5-1 215 ng/mL. In the actual sample spiked recovery experiment， the recovery rate was between 96% and 108%， and the intra-batch and inter-batch coefficient of variation were both less than 15%. For the sELISA of glycinin， 0.5 μg/mL 7D3 mAb was used as the capture antibody， and 4G4mAb-HRP was diluted 1∶1 000 as the detection antibody. The antigen and detection antibody were incubated for 120 min each， and the color development was for 15 min. A linear fit was used to draw the standard curve. The LOD of this method was 28.75 ng/mL， and the standard curve shows good linearity in the concentration range of 31.25-8 000 ng/mL. In the actual sample spiked recovery experiment， the recovery rate was between 90.3% and 107.2%， and the intra-batch and inter-batch coefficient of variation were both less than 15%， both two detection methods had no cross-reaction with other allergens， and the specificity was good.Conclusion The sELISA methods established are sensitive， rapid， accurate， and stable， and can be used for the detection of β-Conglycinin and glycinin in food.

Abstract:Objective To establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry（UPLC/Q-TOF-MS）method for rapid screening of toxic substances in Datura stramonium L..Methods After the samples were extracted by methanol， the liquid to be tested was separated on ACQUITY UPLC^? BEH C18 column （2.1 mm×50 mm， 1.7 μm） with 0.01% formic acid water as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. The sample volume was 2.0 μL， the column temperature was 35 ℃， and the flow rate was 0.2 μL/min. ESI positive ion mode collection， mass spectrometry with precise molecular weight and chromatographic peak retention time for qualitative analysis， ［M］+H as quantitative ion for quantitative analysis.Results The linear ranges were 1.0-200.0 μg/L with r²≥0. 990. The limits of detection were 1.00-2.24 ng/mL，and the limits of quantification were 0.27-7.46 ng/mL. The recoveries were in the range of 78%-89% and RSDs were ≤3.0%.The contents of scopolamine 0.65 mg/kg， anisodamine 0.66 mg/kg and hyoscyamine 0.72 mg/kg were detected in Datura stramonium L collected in the field. Scopolamine 0.004 8 mg/kg， anisodamine 0.041 mg/kg and hyoscyamine 0.16 mg/kg were detected in the liquor of Datura stramonium L. The target compounds were detected in different degrees in the blood and urine of the poisoned patients.Conclusion The UPLC/Q-TOF-MS established in the laboratory is fast， efficient and accurate， which is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative detection of toxic substances in the poisoning incidents of Datura stramonium L. Two poisonings were caused by consumption of Datura stramonium L.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination characteristics of furan and methylfuran in imported canned food and to evaluate the dietary exposure risk of furan in Chinese population.Methods Based on convenient sampling method， 58 imported canned foods were collected in 2022， and the contents of furan were determined by isotope dilution headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Combined with the food consumption of Chinese residents from 2018 to 2020， the risk of dietary exposure to furan in Chinese population was assessed by semi-quantitative assessment method.Results The detection rates of furan， 2-methylfuran and 3-methylfuran in canned meat products were 50%， 100% and 87.5%， and the corresponding average contents were 5.0， 10.8 and 3.6 μg/kg， respectively. In canned fish products， the detection rates of furan， 2-methylfuran， 3-methylfuran and 2，5-dimethylfuran were 100%， 100%， 100% and 6%， respectively， and the corresponding average contents were 37.4， 52.4， 11.1 and 2.5 μg/kg， respectively. The exposure of furan to canned food was 0.4 ng/（kg·BW·d） and the combined exposure of furan and methylfuran was 1.1 ng/（kg·BW·d） in the population over 3 years old. The average exposure of furan and P95 to canned food was 18.5 ng/（kg·BW·d） and 54.6 ng/（kg·BW·d） respectively. The average combined exposure level of furan and methylfuran was 52.4 ng/（kg·BW·d）， and the P95 exposure level was 150.8 ng/（kg·BW·d）. For the risk of non-carcinogenic effects of furan， the exposure boundary （MOE） values of all age groups ranged from 83 920 to 279 494. For the carcinogenic risk of furan， the MOE values of all age groups ranged from 1 717 733 to 5 720 890.Conclusion The health risk of furan exposure from imported canned food is low in Chinese population.

Abstract:Objective To predict the risk of population morbidity by evaluating the contamination level of Listeria monocytogenes in commercially available fresh pork from the retail to the consumption stage and combining it with its cross-contamination of ready-to-eat food.Methods Based on the monitoring results in Hubei Province to determine the contamination level of Listeria monocytogenes in pork， a growth prediction model and a cross-contamination model were applied， and a Monte Carlo method was used for simulation and analysis to estimate the level of contamination of ready-to-eat foods by pork in the kitchen and to project the population health risk in combination with a dose-response model.Results The amount of Listeria monocytogenes transferred to ready-to-eat food by cross-contamination was 1.30 and 1.90 CFU for chilled and hot pork， respectively， which resulted in obtaining an annual probability of morbidity of 2.52×10^-9-7.62×10^-9 for susceptible population and 2.61×10^-11-6.86×10^-11 for non-susceptible population. The results of the sensitivity analyses showed that the treatment of of raw pork followed by preparation of ready-to-eat food， daily pork consumption， and initial contamination level of pork were the main factors affecting the risk of morbidity.Conclusion The probability of Listeria monocytogenes in commercially available pork in Hubei Province causing morbidity in residents is low. To further reduce the health risk to residents， it is recommended to reduce the contamination level of Listeria monocytogenes in pork at source and to guide residents to regulate household kitchen operation and cooking consumption habits， and reduce the cross-contamination in pork handling.

Abstract:Objective To understand the contamination status of aflatoxin in commercially available food in Huzhou City， and to provide data for the assessment of food safety risks in Huzhou City.Methods In 2023， five categories of food were randomly collected from large and medium-sized supermarkets and farmers’ markets in Huzhou City： cereals and their products ［rice， cornmeal （grits）， wheat flour］， vegetable oils （peanut oil， corn oil， soybean oil）， nuts and seeds （peanuts， sunflower seeds， pistachios）， condiments （soy sauce， vinegar， peanut butter， dried chili peppers）， and tea products （green tea， smoked bean tea）. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry （UHPLC-TQ-MS） was used to detect four types of aflatoxins.Results The five categories of food samples collected were all contaminated with aflatoxins to varying degrees， with an overall detection rate of 19.1%. The non-conforming rate for aflatoxin B1 was 1.190%. There was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of aflatoxin B1 among different types of food （χ2=21.74， P<0.05）. There was also a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of aflatoxin B1 between bulk food and pre-packaged food （P<0.05）. Furthermore， the detection rate of aflatoxin B1 in bulk food collected from different sampling locations showed a statistically significant difference （P<0.05）. Upon further analysis of the detection data for bulk peanuts， there was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of aflatoxin B1 between raw and cooked bulk peanuts produced in different years （χ2=37.98， P<0.05）.Conclusion Aflatoxin contamination is prevalent in commercially available food in Huzhou City， and the contamination status varies greatly among different food items. Overall， the aflatoxin levels remain at safe levels， but some samples， particularly peanuts and peanut products， as well as corn grits， pose a higher potential risk. Relevant departments should pay attention to this issue and strengthen monitoring and regulation to ensure the safety of commercially available food in Huzhou City.

Abstract:Objective To explore the establishment of a food contaminants standards evaluation index system using the delphi method， and to provide certain reference basis for systematic evaluation and scientific improvement of food contaminant standards.Methods Explore the establishment an evaluation index system for food contaminants standards through literature research， telephone interviews， delphi method， etc.Results The evaluation index system of food contaminant standards was constructed initially， including 3 first-level indicators， 9 second-level indicators and 19 third-level indicators. The results of the expert consultation showed that the positive coefficient of the experts consultation was 100%， the coordination coefficient was 0.06-0.15， and the overall harmonization coefficient was 0.43， the difference was statistically significant by the chi-square test （P<0.01）.Conclusion The evaluation index system of food contaminants standards initially constructed in this research can provide a certain reference basis for the systematic evaluation of food contaminants standards， provide reference suggestions for the further improvement， and provide a certain reference for the evaluation of other food standards.

Abstract:Our country implements the registration management to the special medicine food， the product formula design time raw material compliance use is the most important premise. The variety of raw materials involved in special medical purpose formula food is relatively large， and the corresponding standards and related regulations are relatively scattered， resulting in understanding and easy deviation in implementation by manufacturers， and the situation that products are not registered due to non-compliance of raw materials is relatively more during the registration and of products.In this paper， the current stage of our food raw material supervision of the relevant laws and regulations to sort out，at the same time， according to the requirements of registration and food safety standards for raw materials， the principles and basis for the use of raw materials for special medical food products， and the development of related standards were summarized and analyzed，the purpose is to provide guidance for the use of raw materials， promote the smooth implementation of product registration， and promote the high-quality development of our country’s specialty food industry.

Abstract:Objective To compare the management models for disinfected tableware （drinking utensils） in countries and regions such as the United States， Canada， Australia，European Union， Japan and China. Analyze the similarities and differences in the management models for disinfecting tableware （drinking utensils） among these countries to provide references and basis for the risk management of disinfected tableware （drinking utensils） in our country.Methods Collect laws， regulations and guidelines related to the disinfection disinfected tableware （drinking utensils） from various countries and regions， sort out and analyze the requirements for cleaning and disinfection procedures of disinfecting tableware （drinking utensils）， and compare the similarities and differences.Results All countries have standardized requirements for the cleaning and disinfection process of tableware（drinking utensils），as well as the use of disinfectants. Except for China， no other countries have set limits on microbiological and physicochemical indicators for disinfected tableware.Conclusion It is suggested to further improve the relevant standards for disinfected tableware （drinking utensils） in China， strengthen the promotion and improvement of standards for disinfected tableware （drinking utensils），enhance supervision and regulatory measures， and strengthen the awareness of corporate responsibility， in order to promote the healthy development of the catering service industry.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the eating out of home behavior of adults in China and provide the scientific basis for nutrition and health policy.Methods Samples were chosen from China Food Consumption Survey from 2018 to 2020. A total of 34 462 participants aged 18 years old and above were included in the final analysis. The food frequency questionnaire and eating behavior questionnaire were used to collect eating out of home status in the past week. The differences in the rate of eating out of home and dining places， and dining out times among different groups of people were compare.Results The overall rate of eating out of home in the past week was 40.7% among adults in 2018—2020 in China. The rate of adult residents eating out of home for breakfast， lunch and dinner was 17.9%， 27.2% and 20.2%， respectively. The average number of eating out of home was 1.8 times. The proportion of adults who ate out 1-3 times/week， 4-6 times/week and 7 or more times/week in the past week were 21.8%， 8.9% and 10.0%， respectively. In the past week， the proportion of people who ate in hotels， restaurants and other places， stalls， and canteens of workplaces， schools and other places was higher， 22.3%， 16.4% and 12.2% respectively， while the proportion of people who ate in Chinese and Western fast-food restaurants and other food processing places was lower， 3.0% and 1.9% respectively. The percentage of people who ordered takeaway food was 4.2%. The rate of eating out of home and dining out times were higher among male， people aged 18-44， people with college education or above， professional and technical personnel， people with per capita household income of more than 100 000 yuan and people in big cities. The proportion of professional and technical personnel and business service personnel eating in hotels， restaurants and hotels was higher， and the proportion of school students and professional and technical personnel eating in the canteen of work units and schools was higher.Conclusion From 2018 to 2020， the phenomenon of Chinese adult residents eating out of home was relatively common， and the rate of people aged 18-44 and in big cities was higher. For different meals and dining places， the rate of people eating out of home for lunch was higher， and the rate of eating in hotels， restaurants and other places was higher.

Abstract:Objective Using different enrichment methods to isolation Vibrio parahaemolyticus （VP） from environmental samples for support source tracing of a congregative foodborne disease outbreak.Methods Collected the epidemiological data clinical information and multiple types samples of the foodborne disease outbreak. Real time PCR and bacterial culture were performed in the samples and whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on the isolates.Results Seven VP isolates with O10：K4 serotype and tdh+ isolated from 7 samples （ included 4 patients and 3 environmental smear samples）， and the SNPs among the 7 VP isolates ranged from 0 to 5 based on the core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms （cgSNP） analysis. All environmental smear samples were negative for VP by real time PCR and culture method based on 3%NaCl Alkaline Peptone Water （APW） enhancement. But 3 environmental smear samples included E1， E2 and E6 were toxR+/tdh+ by real time PCR method after brain heart infusion broth （BHI） enhancement， and the Ct values of toxR and tdh of E1 and E2 were >30. Then add the BHI broth enriched of E1 and E2 to 3%NaCl APW for second cultured， respectively， and the Ct values of toxR and tdh of E1 and E2 were <30 by real time PCR. Finally， VP isolate were obtained from E1，E2 and E6， respectively.Conclusion Using different bacterial enrichment methods and finally successfully to isolated VP in 3 environmental smear samples， afterwards the source tracing for a congregative foodborne disease outbreak caused by VP was successfully completed. Meanwhile， this study suggests that further in-depth research is needed on effective enrichment methods for VP in environmental smear samples.

Abstract:Human milk oligosaccharides （HMOs） are the key bioactive components in breast milk， which have multiple functions such as promoting brain development， regulating immune system and maintaining intestinal health. With the in-depth study of the role of breast milk oligosaccharides， especially the discovery of oligosaccharides such as 2’-FL， its application in infant and young children’s formula milk powder （intended for ages 1 to 3 years） and other functional foods has gradually increased. This paper briefly describes the main synthetic methods of HMOs in vitro and their physiological functions. It focuses on the global registration and approval status of HMOs in infant and young children formula foods， compares regulatory， policy， and application differences in countries such as the United States， the European Union， Australia， New Zealand and China， and looks forward to the future technological innovation and market development trends. This review aims to provide a reference for the global promotion of HMOs and promote the related technical research and industrialization process.