Abstract:Objective To analyze the etiological characteristics and homology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from two foodborne outbreaks in July 2024 in a county of Ningbo City.Methods Whole genome sequencing was performed using the MGI sequencing platform to analyze virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. Sequence types （STs） were determined by multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， and cluster analysis was conducted by constructing phylogenetic trees based on core genome MLST （cgMLST）.Results Among 22 isolates from two outbreaks， 10 STs were identified with ST3 being predominant. Antibiotic resistance profiling revealed 11 resistance genes from 7 categories， with all strains carrying CRP， tet（35）， rsmA and CRAB（Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii）-associated β-lactamase genes. The tlh gene was detected in 9 strains， tdh in 16 strains， while trh was absent. cgMLST-based phylogenetic analysis showed significant clustering of case strains with ≤12 core allele differences， indicating highly close genetic distance between isolates across the two outbreaks.Conclusion The Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates exhibited diversity in STs， serotypes， and virulence/resistance gene profiles of isolates from two cases. cgMLST analysis provided high-resolution evidence for inter-outbreak homology determination， offering critical clues for tracing foodborne disease sources.

Abstract:Objective Observe the effect of （Mixed aqueous extract of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma， Gastrodiae Rhizoma， Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus and Poria Cocos， CGTI） on the cognitive ability of mice with memory impairment induced by scopolamine.Methods One hundred male Kunming mice were divided into two groups （Groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ） according to their body weights ， each group was further divided into five subgroups， a blank control group， a model control group， and three dosage groups of CGTI ［225， 450， 900 mg/（kg·BW/d）］. Thirty minutes before the beginning of the behavioral test， scopolamine hydrobromide was intraperitoneally injected to induce the memory impairment model in mice. After the behavioral experiments， the hippocampal tissue was taken to measure the activity of AChE， and pathological morphological observations of the hippocampal tissue were made.Results The number of errors in darkness avoidance experiment and the activity of AChE in the hippocampus of the model group were significantly higher than those of the blank control group （P<0.05）， and the avoidance latency， target quadrant residence time， number of crossing platforms and recognition index were significantly lower than that in the blank group （P<0.05）. The number of errors in the 450 and 900 mg/kg dose groups was significantly lower than that in the model group， and the escape latency was significantly higher than that in the model group （P<0.05）. The residence time in the target quadrant， the number of times traversing the platform，the recognition indices were significantly higher in the 450 and 900 mg/kg dose groups than in the model group （P<0.05）. The AChE activity in the 450 and 900 mg/kg dose groups were significantly lower than that in the model control group （P<0.05）. The pathological morphology observation results of hippocampal tissue in the dose groups showed significant protective effects on hippocampal neurons.Conclusions CGTI can effectively improve the learning and memory abilities of mice with memory impairment models.

Abstract:Objective To develop a method for the determination of atropine， scopolamine and anisodamine in buckwheat flour by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Methods Samples were extracted by 80% acetonitrile-water， purified by Oasis PRiME HLB solid-phase extraction column. After concentration， the sample solution was separated by waters XSelect HSS T3 column. The sample was detected in positive electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode. The matrix-matched calibrations were used for quantification.Results The linear relationships of 3 tropane alkaloids were good in the range of 1.00-50.0 ng/mL （r>0.999）. The detection limites （LOD） of 3 tropane alkaloids were lower than 0.40 μg/kg. The quantitative limits （LOQ） of 3 tropane alkaloids were lower than 1.20 μg/kg. The average recoveries of 3 tropane alkaloids in buckwheat flour were 79.7%-89.2%. The matrix effect were 62.8%-74.5%.Conclusion The method is accurate， sensitive， and suitable for the determination of 3 tropane alkaloids in buckwheat flour.

Abstract:Objective To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for rapid determination of nine biogenic amines in aquatic products （fish， shrimp， shellfish） and meat （pork， beef， mutton） based on non derivatized passing through nsolid-phase extraction pretreatment technology.Methods Acetonitrile was used to precipitate the protein in the sample， then 0.5% trichloroacetic acid solution was used for extraction. After removing the lipid with n-hexane， lower layer of the sample solution was diluted and purified by passing through a DVB （100 mg/3 mL） solid-phase extraction column. 70% acetonitrile+30% water （containing 100 mmol/L ammonium formate and 0.5% formic acid） and 90% acetonitrile+10% water were used as mobile phase for gradient elution. The target substance was eluted by ACQUITY UPLC^? BEH Amide column （1.7 μm， 2.1 mm×100 mm） was used for separation. Electrospray ion source and positive ion multi reaction monitoring mode were used for detection， and internal standard method was used for quantification.Results The linear relationship between putrescine， cadaverine， spermine， and spermine was good within the range of 5-500 ng/mL， while histamine， tyramine， serotonin， phenylethylamine， and β-phenylethylamine were good within the range of 0.5-50 ng/mL， with correlation coefficients r>0.996. The detection limit of putrescine， cadaverine， spermine， and spermidine was 1 mg/kg， and the quantification limit was 3 mg/kg. The detection limit of histamine， tyramine， serotonin， phenylethylamine， and β-phenylethylamine was 0.1 mg/kg， and the quantification limit was 0.3 mg/kg. The spiked recovery rates of low， medium， and high concentrations in aquatic and meat products ranged from 70.6% to 119%， with relative standard deviations less than 10% （n=6）.Conclusion This method was easy to operate， accurate， reliable， and highly sensitive， and was suitable for the detection of biogenic amines in aquatic products （fish， shrimp， shellfish） and meat （pork， beef， mutton）.

Abstract:Objective To develop and validate a high-sensitivity detection method for Salmonella in raw vegetables using a large sample size （500 g）， and to characterize the isolates from retail raw vegetables in Beijing.Methods The effect of different sample sizes on Salmonella recovery from artificially contaminated lettuce and coriander was analyzed， and the isolation efficiency from retail samples in Beijing was compared between 25 g and 500 g sample sizes. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to 16 antibiotics was tested， and serotypes and resistance genes were analyzed by whole genome sequencing （WGS）.Results Increasing the sample size improved detection sensitivity （0.002 6 CFU/g） in raw vegetables， and achieving a limit of detection of 10⁰ CFU/500 g. Testing of retail samples in Beijing demonstrated that the method using 500 g sample significantly increased the Salmonella detection rate （8.1%） compared to the standard method using 25 g sample （0.5%） （P<0.05）. The contamination distribution of Salmonella in raw vegetables exhibited significant regional and retail-type variations （P<0.05）， higher in suburban areas （11.2%） than in urban areas （3.5%）， and higher in grocery （11.4%） and open markets （8.8%） than in supermarkets （6.1%） and greengrocers （0%）. Among the 18 Salmonella isolates， 12 serotypes were identified. S. Alachua， the major serotype， represents the first food-borne isolate of this serotype reported in China. Overall， 33.3% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic， and 22.2% were multidrug-resistant. WGS identified 20 resistance genes， including β-lactamase and quinolone resistance genes.Conclusion Increasing the sample size to 500 g overcomes the challenge of missing low-level Salmonella contamination in raw vegetables， significantly enhancing the detection rate and providing the high-sensitivity screening strategy. Salmonella isolates from raw vegetables in Beijing exhibited serotype diversity and multidrug resistance.

Abstract:Objective To understand the contamination status and characteristics of major foodborne pathogens in meat and meat products sold in Zibo City， and provide scientific basis for preventing foodborne diseases and improving food safety supervision.Methods According to the requirements of the National Food Contamination and Hazardous Factors Risk Monitoring Manual，the Shandong Province Food Contaminant and Harmful Factor Risk Monitoring Work Manual and the national standard method of food safety， 716 samples of 5 types of meat and meat products collected from 2015 to 2024 were isolated and identified for 8 foodborne pathogenic bacteria， including Salmonella， Listeria monocytogenes， Staphylococcus aureus， and Campylobacter. The isolated Salmonella was serotyped.Results A total of 245 pathogenic bacteria were detected in 716 samples， with Salmonella being the most detected （42.86%，105/245），with a total of 34 serotypes identified， the top three serotypes were Salmonella Enteritidis （17.14%，18/105）， Salmonella Indiana （9.52%， 10/105）， and Salmonella Derby （6.67%， 7/105）；followed by Listeria monocytogenes （14.29%，35/245） and Yersinia enterocolitica （12.24%，30/245）.The detection rate of raw poultry meat is the highest among different types of meat and meat products （46.64%，104/223）， followed by processed meat products （33.93%，19/56） and raw animal meat （24.91%，72/289）.Conclusion There are varying degrees of contamination of foodborne pathogens in meat and meat products in Zibo City， with raw poultry being the most severely contaminated and mainly contaminated with Salmonella. To ensure food safety and reduce the outbreak of foodborne diseases， it is imperative to strengthen the supervision of Meat and meat products.

Abstract:Objective To assess the composition of fatty acids in Beijing style finished dishes and enrich the database of Beijing characteristic food composition.Methods According to GB 5009.168—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of fatty acids in food， The contents of fat and fatty acids in meats， veggies， staples and snacks of Beijing style finished dishes were determined by gas chromatography， and compositions of fatty acids were evaluated.Results The content of total fatty acids in Beijing style finished dishes was about 0.069~36.3 g/100 g. Among them， contents of saturated fatty acids， monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were respectively about 0.031-10.5， 0.007-16.0 and 0.012-16.2 g/100 g. It was about 0.763-36.3 g/100 g in meat dishes， Contents of fatty acids in vegetarian dishes， staples and snacks were respectively about1. 40-18.0， 0.150-32.2， 0.070-29.5 g/100 g. Among components of fatty acids， oleic acid， linoleic acid， palmitic acid and stearic acid were high in them. The saturated fatty acids were mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid， the monounsaturated fatty acids were mainly oleic acid， and the polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly linoleic acid and linolenic acid.Conclusion The composition and content of fatty acids

Abstract:Objective To explore the current application status and identify critical challenges of food additives in prepared foods， and provide a reference for the healthy and sustainable development of this industry.Methods To systematically analyze the key role， current application status and existing problems of food additives in prepared foods using labeling databases， combined with literature research.Results The study found that the primary challenges in the application of food additives in prepared foods include： difficulties in accurately classifying some prepared foods within the GB 2760—2024 food categorization system； novel processing technologies generating demand for specific functional additives； shifts in consumer dietary consumption patterns driven by the growth of prepared foods； and consumers’ cognitive biases towards prepared foods and food additives.Conclusion This study systematically analyzes the key challenges in the application of food additives in prepared foods and proposes strategies to： scientifically define the conceptual scope of prepared foods and clarify the applicability of relevant national food safety standards； encourage technological innovations and strengthen corporate accountability； and strengthen consumer education to enhance their awareness and trust toward food additives. Through the concerted efforts by the government， enterprises and consumers， the healthy development of the industry will be promoted.

Abstract:Objective To systematically investigate a foodborne disease outbreak caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus （V. parahaemolyticus） in Nantong City through epidemiological investigation， laboratory testing， whole-genome sequencing， and antimicrobial susceptibility testing， with the aim of providing scientific evidence and practical experience for the prevention and control of similar incidents in the future.Methods Samples were collected from suspected contaminated food， patient rectal swabs， food handler rectal swabs， and environmental surface swabs from food preparation areas. Conventional pathogen isolation and identification were performed， followed by virulence gene detection， WGS， and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of the isolates.Results A total of 9 V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated， including 8 from patient rectal swabs and 1 from a water sink in the preparation area. All 8 patient isolates carried the tlh and tdh genes， whereas the environmental isolate carried only tlh. None of the isolates harbored the trh gene. cgSNP analysis showed high homology， with differences between case isolates ranging from 2 to 18. Multilocus sequence typing （MLST） identified all isolates as sequence type 3 （ST3），and the annotated resistance genes were highly consistent with the drug resistance phenotypes. Drug susceptibility testing was conducted using 22 antibiotics， and the results showed that among the 8 case isolates， 7 were resistant to cefazolin， 6 to ampicillin， and 5 were intermediate to cefuroxime.Conclusion This outbreak was attributed to the ST3 clone of V. parahaemolyticus. Detection of virulence genes and WGS provided critical genomic insights for source tracing and contamination path determination. Clinically， treatment should prioritize drugs with demonstrated efficacy， while cefazolin， ampicillin， and cefuroxime should be avoided to ensure timely symptom relief and prevent disease progression.

Abstract:Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of school foodborne disease outbreaks in Hainan Province， China， from 2014 to 2023， and to provide evidence for targeted prevention and control strategies.Methods Data on 92 school foodborne disease outbreaks reported in Hainan Province during 2014—2023 were retrieved from the National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System and analyzed using descriptive epidemiological analysis.Results A total of 92 outbreaks were reported， involving 1 082 cases （no deaths） among 33 010 exposed individuals. Outbreaks occurred in all months except July， with a peak in September （27.17%）. The highest number of outbreaks was reported in Haikou （26）， followed by Danzhou （17） and Sanya （8）. Most occurred in primary and secondary schools （68.48%）. Microbial agents were the predominant etiology （43.48%）， mainly Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxins （13 outbreaks）， Vibrio parahaemolyticus （8 outbreaks）， and Salmonella spp. （4 outbreaks）. Cross-contamination （16.30%） was the leading contributing factor， followed by contamination of raw materials （13.04%） and improper food processing （11.96%）. School canteens were the most frequently implicated setting （70.65%）. Accidental ingestion of toxic plants accounted for 5.43% of outbreaks and 13.49% of cases.Conclusion School foodborne disease outbreaks in Hainan Province were predominantly caused by microbial contamination linked to inadequate food-handling practices in canteens， highlighting the urgent need for strengthened food safety management and targeted training for food-handling personnel to reduce outbreak risks

Abstract:With the widespread application of probiotics in the fields of food， health foods， and medicine， safety assessment has become the key in ensuring public health and supporting industry development. Although current probiotic safety assessment system is complete in China， it lacks a rapid assessment mechanism， facing problems such as long time for evidence collection and filing. This article reviews recent advances on safety assessment of probiotics in China and abroad， highlighting core risk factors such as the low immunity in susceptible population， harmful metabolites， antimicrobial resistance， and pollution during the production and processing of products. In terms of assessment methods， it summarizes multiple approaches， including genomic sequencing combined with computational modeling， in vitro experiments， animal models， and clinical trials， achieving accurate safety evaluations of probiotics. In addition， this article also compares the differences between international regulations such as FAO/WHO， the European Union and the United States and regulations in China， providing suggestions for accelerating the development of the probiotics industry.

Abstract:Botulism， one of the bacterial foodborne diseases with a high fatality rate in China， is characterized by symmetric descending flaccid paralysis. In China， botulism is predominantly caused by types A， B， and E of Clostridium botulinum （C. botulinum）， with the primary sources of intoxication being homemade fermented bean products， as well as air-dried beef and mutton. The incidence of botulism exhibits distinct regional characteristics， which are closely associated with the contamination rate of C. botulinum spores in soil and local dietary habits. This article reviews the contamination status of C. botulinum and the epidemiological features of foodborne botulism in China from 1958 to 2024， aiming to furnish evidence for the prevention and control of this disease.

Abstract:Objective To track recent progress in the evaluation of orally administered glucosamine and/or chondroitin sulfate for osteoarthritis-related outcomes， and reanalyze the evaluation results.Methods Database （CNKI， PUBMED and Cochrane Library） were searched for meta-analyses or systematic reviews on osteoarthritis and glucosamine and/or chondroitin published between 2018 and 2024. Effect size metrics such as SMD （standardized mean difference） and WMD （weighted mean difference） were extracted and summarized.Results Sixteen systematic reviews were included in this study. Among these， ten evaluated glucosamine alone， eleven assessed chondroitin sulfate alone， and seven evaluated their combination. Regarding glucosamine （1 500-2 000 mg/d for ≥4 weeks）， some studies indicated a minor effect on improving joint stiffness （2 out of 3 studies） and reducing joint space narrowing （1 out of 2 studies）. However， no significant effect was observed on joint pain and joint function with glucosamine use. For chondroitin sulfate （800-1 200 mg/d for ≥12 weeks）， some studies indicated minor to moderate effects on pain relief （3 out of 9 studies） and improving joint function （3 out of 6 studies）. Additionally， two out of three studies suggested a minor effect on reducing joint space narrowing. No improvement in joint stiffness was observed with chondroitin sulfate. The combination of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate did not show significant benefits. Compared to non-pharmaceutical-grade products， pharmaceutical-grade glucosamine and/or chondroitin sulfate may be more effective.Conclusion Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate may provide modest symptomatic relief for osteoarthritis in certain individuals.