Abstract:The modernization of China’s food safety governance requires strict adherence to the risk analysis framework， in which science-based risk assessment underpins proportionate risk management， and both components are seamlessly linked by transparent risk communication. Although the 2015 Food Safety Law formally incorporated this three-pillar framework， it still relies on the systematic revision of the Food Safety Law to achieve the shift from a hazard-based concept to a risk-based one given the current food safety challenges， and the new development opportunities arising from digital transformation. Priority actions include： （i） targeting areas with significant health burdens， particularly foodborne diseases； （ii） implementing the farm-to-fork supervision through an enhanced multi-ministry coordination mechanism； （iii） continuously translating scientific advances into iterative technological upgrades for prevention and control of food safety risks； and （iv） proactively identifying emerging hazards with a global perspective and formulating timely intervention strategies.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the alleviating effects of six citrus flavonoids-hesperidin， naringin， quercetin， kaempferol， nobiletin， and tangeretin on the neurotoxicity induced by co-exposure of profenofos and etoxazole， and to further explore the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of the most effective citrus flavonoid.Methods Using the wild-type N2 strain of Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo experimental model， the body length inhibition rate， movement frequency， predation rate， and chemotaxis index were selected as indicators to comprehensively assess the protective effects of six typical citrus flavonoids on the synergistic neurotoxicity induced by the co-exposure of profenofos and etoxazole. The protective effects of the most effective citrus flavonoid was elucidated by assessing changes in neurotransmitter levels， intracellular calcium ion （Ca²⁺） concentration， oxidative stress indicators， and gene expression levels.Results Hesperidin， naringin， nobiletin and tangeretin significantly alleviated the synergistic neurotoxicity induced by combined exposure to profenofos and etoxazole. Notably， hesperidin showed the highest efficacy in both developmental and behavioral evaluations. Mechanistically， hesperidin treatment elevated the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine in profenofos and etoxazole-exposed nematodes to normal levels， and significantly increased the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration， while showing no significant effects on reactive oxygen species levels or the catalase activity. For gene expression， hesperidin intervention restored the levels of ser-7， lin-45， ctl-3， gst-4， kin-1， sca-1， daf-2， and jnk-1. Furthermore， it upregulated the gene expression of sod-3 and dop-2， and downregulated age-1.Conclusion Hesperidin can significantly alleviate the synergistic neurotoxicity induced by profenofos and etoxazole， primarily by modulating neurotransmitter levels， maintaining calcium ion homeostasis， and regulating oxidative stress-related pathways. This study provides new insights into potential strategies to mitigate the neurotoxicity induced by combined pesticide residues in food.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination of Listeria monocytogenes （L. monocytogenes） in ready-to-eat （RTE） foods in Wenzhou City， and characterize the antimicrobial resistance， virulence gene profiles， and genetic diversity of the isolates.Methods L. monocytogenes strains were isolated and identified according to GB 4789.30—2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method. Virulence genes， multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， and core genome multilocus sequence typing （cgMLST） were analyzed based on whole-genome sequencing.Results A total of 91 strains of L. monocytogenes were isolated from 1 285 samples across 5 categories of RTE foods， with a detection rate of 7.08% （91/1 285）. Among these， the detection rate of Chinese cold dishes was the highest （14.34%， 36/251）， followed by cooked meat products （9.62%，15/156）. The susceptibility rates of the isolates to each of the nine antimicrobial agents ranged from 94.51% to 100.00%. The isolates comprised two lineages （Ⅰ and Ⅱ）， 15 STs， and 14 CCs. The predominant serogroups were Ⅱa （47.25%，43/91） and Ⅱb （32.97%，30/91）. The CC87/ST87 （21.98%，20/91）， CC121/ST121 （16.48%，15/91）， and CC8/ST8 （13.19%，12/91） were the dominant sequence types. All isolates carried virulence genes associated with LIPI-1（Listeria Pathogenicity Island 1， LIPI-1） and LIPI-2， 19.78% （18/91） harbored the LIPI-3， while the LIPI-4 was exclusive to strains of CC619/ST3004 and CC87/ST87.Conclusion L. monocytogenes is prevalent to a certain extent in RTE foods in Wenzhou City. The isolates exhibited low antimicrobial resistance， displayed high genetic diversity， and possessed pathogenic potential. Strengthening surveillance of highly virulent clones is essential for preventing the foodborne disease outbreaks.

Abstract:Objective To establish a qualitative and quantitative method for bovine whey protein in goat milk-based infant formula using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）.Methods After sample treatment with dithiothreitol reduction， iodinated acetylamide alkylation， and recombinant trypsin digestion， characteristic peptides were screened using quadrupole/electrostatic field orbital trap high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with a protein database. Representative goat milk-based infant formula was adulterated with desalted bovine whey powder at common ratios， and LC-MS/MS detection was performed. Experimental conditions were optimized based on the response of characteristic peptides， and a qualitative and quantitative method for bovine whey protein was established by converting the sum of bovine α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin content to bovine whey protein.Results The method demonstrated high specificity， with detection limits of 20 mg/100 g for bovine α-lactalbumin and 40 mg/100 g for bovine β-lactoglobulin. The recoveries ranged from 91.8% to 100.8%， with relative standard deviations （RSDs） ≤10.00% for both lactalbumins. Based on the conversion factor， the detection limit for bovine whey protein was 51 mg/100 g， and the quantitative limit was 102 mg/100 g.Conclusion The established method is reliable and highly sensitive， enabling accurate identification and quantification of bovine whey protein adulteration in goat milk-based infant formula.

Abstract:Objective To establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography- triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） method for the determination of 21 aconitine alkaloids in herbal liqueur.Methods After diluting with a solution of ammonium acetate - formic acid in water/methanol （90∶10， v/v）， the samples were filtered through a 0.22 μm PTFE membrane， and then separated using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 chromatographic column. Gradient elution was performed with a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate - formic acid in water and methanol. A sample volume of 1.0 μL was injected， and data was acquired in multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode. Quantification was performed using an external standard method.Results The method for 21 aconitum alkaloids exhibited wide linear ranges， with good linear relationships and correlation coefficients （r） all greater than 0.999. The limits of quantitation （LOQs） ranged from 0.05 to 2.5 μg/L. At spiking levels of 10， 20， and 50 μg/L， the average recoveries of the 21 aconitum alkaloids in blank herbal liqueur matrices ranged from 94.38% to 110.58%， with relative standard deviations （RSDs） below 7.40%. The inter-day and intra-day precisions for all 21 target compounds were below 8.43%.Conclusion This established method is simple， accurate， reliable， and reproducible， and thus is well-suited for determining the 21 aconitine alkaloids in herbal liqueur.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to establish an analytical method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） for six grayanane-type diterpenoid toxins. The method was applied to detect these toxins in honey samples involved in poisoning incidents. Clinical symptoms were analyzed alongside the field epidemiological results.Methods Honey samples were extracted and purified via the QuEChERS （Quick， Easy， Cheap， Effective， Rugged， and Safe） method， and subsequently analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS for qualitative and quantitative determination. In addition， abnormal clinical indicators were assessed based on field epidemiological findings and laboratory test reports.Results The validated method demonstrated good linearity （R2≥0.997） in the range of 1-400 ng/mL. The limit of detection （LOD） and limit of quantification （LOQ） were 0.13-0.30 ng/mL and 0.44-0.99 ng/mL， respectively. Spiked recoveries ranged from 90.6% to 107.6% with relative standard deviations （RSD） ≤6.6%. Rhodojaponin Ⅲ was detected in honey samples at concentrations in the range of 0.606-43.976 mg/kg. Patients presented symptoms consistent with Rhodojaponin Ⅲ poisoning， including dizziness， peripheral paresthesia， blurred vision， palpitations， and sinus bradycardia.Conclusion The established UPLC-MS/MS method is rapid， sensitive， and reliable for the determination of grayanane-type diterpenoid toxins. Furthermore， this honey poisoning incident was conclusively attributed to Rhodojaponin Ⅲ.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate the residue levels and patterns of neonicotinoid pesticides in commercially available fruits and vegetables in He’nan Province from 2023 to 2025， and to assess the associated safety risks.Methods Eighteen cities in He’nan Province were selected as monitoring sites. Sampling was conducted on predesigned sites where population distribution and regional characteristics were taking into consideration. A total of 735 fruit samples and 1 547 vegetable samples were collected.Results The detection rate for all neonicotinoid pesticides was 40.67% in fruit and vegetable samples from He’nan Province， with 2.94% exceeding the maximum residue limits （MRLs）. A total of 10 neonicotinoid pesticides were detected with detection rates ranging from 0.13% to 19.33%. Cycloxaprid and paichongding were not detected in any of the fruit and vegetable samples from 2023 to 2025. Four neonicotinoid pesticides were found to exceed safety standards with an exceedance rate ranging from 0.04% to 1.71%. The detection rates for neonicotinoids were 34.01% in fruits and 43.83% in vegetables， with corresponding exceedance rates of 2.59% and 3.10%， respectively.Conclusion Neonicotinoid pesticides were detected in commercially available fruits and vegetables in He’nan Province from 2023 to 2025. These findings suggest the need for regulatory authorities to strengthen monitoring and guide the rational use of neonicotinoid pesticides

Abstract:Objective The combined use of food preservatives and other functional additives in China was analyzed， and the exposure assessment and cumulative risk assessment based on the detection content were carried out for the combination of common preservatives and other functional additives.Methods According to the combined use data of preservatives and other functional additives in food in China in the Global New Products Database， the food safety monitoring data from 2015 to 2023， and the food consumption data of Chinese residents from 2018 to 2020， a simple distribution model was used to calculate the exposure of common preservatives and other functional additives in the general Chinese population， and the cumulative risk assessment was performed using the Hazard index （HI） method.Results Among the combinations of preservatives and other functional additives used in China， the highest utilization rate is the four-component combination （18.78%）， followed by the three-component combination （17.31%） and the five-component combination （15.97%）， and the most complex instances containing up to thirteen-different components. Considering the risk of exposure to food additives alone， the average daily exposure and daily P95 exposure of sodium benzoate， sodium cyclamate， saccharin sodium and tartrazine in the general population were much lower than their acceptable daily intake. The cumulative risk assessment based on the detection content found that only one individual’s HI was greater than 1 in the use of ternary or quaternary combinations， and the proportion of individuals with HI greater than 1 in the quinary combination was only 0.08%.Conclusion The population health risks of common ternary， quaternary and quinary food preservatives combined with other functional additives in China remain within acceptable levels. Future studies should further clarify the application scenarios of additives and investigate the synergistic and antagonistic effects between different additives within complex systems， so as to enable a more accurate assessment and prediction of the cumulative risk of food additives.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate contamination levels of acrylamide in local specialty foods ［naan， sanzi （fried dough twists）， youxiang （fried pastry） ， and baked buns］ in Karamay City， Xinjiang， and evaluate the dietary exposure and risk for local residents.Methods A total of 188 samples were collected from four main urban areas of Karamay City. The measurement of acrylamide followed our previously established protocol. Dietary consumption data was obtained via a food frequency questionnaire. The daily exposure to acrylamide in four types of food was calculated， and the health risk was assessed using the margin of exposure （MOE） approach.Results The overall detection rate of acrylamide was 100%， with average levels ranging from 16.7 to 162 μg/kg. The highest level was found in sanzi， while the lowest was in youxiang. The acrylamide levels among the four types of foods differed significantly （H=105.96， P<0.001）. The average daily exposure of acrylamide from the consumption of naan， baked buns， sanzi， and youxiang were 2.38×10^-2， 1.54×10^-2， 0.37×10^-2， and 0.12×10^-2 μg/（kg·BW·d）， respectively. The total average daily exposure was 4.40×10^-2 μg/（kg·BW·d）， with naan contributing the most （54.06%）.Conclusion While acrylamide was found in local specialty foods in Karamay City， no clear non-carcinogenic health risk was observed from dietary exposure of acrylamide to these four types of foods. Therefore， it is recommended to control the consumption frequency and amount of these foods. Concurrently， it is also recommended to optimize food processing technology， enhance quality supervision， and strengthen public health education.

Abstract:Objective Utilizing literature data mining， this study analyzed the exposure risk of chlorate in infant formula for Chinese infants， providing scientific evidence for the risk management of chlorate in infant formula.Methods Based on chlorate levels in infant formula reported in publicly available literature from 2019 to 2024， combined with consumption patterns of infant formula in China， a simple distribution assessment method was used to evaluate chronic exposure risk in infants aged 0-36 months.Results Literature data indicate that chlorate concentrations in infant formula sampled from distribution channels in China ranged from non-detectable to 3 250.00 μg/kg， with a mean concentration of 99.14 μg/kg. The chronic exposure assessment indicated that both the mean exposure level ［0.73 μg/（kg·BW）］ and the P₉₅ exposure level ［1.86 μg/（kg·BW）］ among infant consumers were below the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake （PMTDI） of 10 μg/（kg·BW） for chlorate established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives （JECFA）.Conclusion Based on data mining and analysis of literature published from 2019 to 2024， the overall risk of chlorate exposure among Chinese infant consumers is relatively low.

Abstract:Objective To investigate and analyze two mushroom poisoning incidents in Cangzhou City， identify the causative mushroom species， and summarize key findings to provide references for clinical diagnosis， treatment， and prevention of similar incidents.Methods The two incidents were investigated using descriptive epidemiological methods. The mushroom species were identified through morphological and molecular analyses， followed by a comprehensive evaluation of the results.Results A total of 8 patients were identified across these two incidents. The primary clinical manifestations included neurological symptoms such as dizziness， blurred vision， hallucinations， confusion， numbness， and weakness. The clinical course lasted 4-5 days. All patients recovered and were discharged， with no fatalities. Morphological and molecular identification confirmed that the mushrooms involved in both incidents were Panaeolus cyanescens.Conclusion These represent the first reported incidents of mycetism caused by the accidental ingestion of Panaeolus cyanescens in Hebei Province. Enhancing public education， strengthening surveillance， early warning systems， and providing professional training for grassroots medical personnel are crucial for preventing similar incidents and optimizing clinical management.

Abstract:Drinking tea-type endemic fluorosis is a type of fluorosis caused by the long-term consumption of tea with excessive fluoride content. Due to Xizang’s unique natural environment and special socio-cultural background， this disease is particularly prevalent in the region. Patients with drinking tea-type endemic fluorosis typically exhibit varying degrees of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis， with the severity of the disease influenced by factors such as age， region， and the amount of brick tea consumed by residents. This paper systematically reviews relevant literature， summarizing the prevalence of drinking tea-type endemic fluorosis in Xizang from 1983 to 2020 and disease prevention strategies from 2015 to 2025. It explores the discovery process， geographical distribution characteristics， comparative analysis of different types of fluorosis， differences compared to fluorosis in other regions， and factors influencing the prevalence rate in Xizang. The aim is to provide a scientific basis and reference for further research and control of drinking tea-type endemic fluorosis in Xizang.