Abstract:Objective To systematically evaluate the health risks associated with metasilicic acid intake from drinking water.Methods Using search terms such as “water”， “silicic acid”， “health”， and “disease”， relevant Chinese and English literature published between July 1， 2004， and July 1， 2024， was retrieved from 6 databases， including PubMed， Embase， Cochrane， SinoMed， Wanfang， CNKI. The literature was then screened and assessed according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results A total of 3 964 literature were retrieved， of which 11 was ultimately selected for analysis. Population studies indicated no association between metasilicic acid intake from drinking water and bone health， while a positive correlation was observed between metasilicic acid intake and neurological health. In animal studies， four experiments explored the relationship between metasilicic acid and cardiovascular health， with one study reporting no correlation and three other studies showing a positive association. Two animal studies investigated metasilicic acid and blood glucose health， with one reporting increased fasting blood glucose in mice drinking high-metasilicic acid mineral water and the other reporting decreased levels. One animal experiment confirmed that metasilicic acid in drinking water significantly improved bone quality in mice， while another demonstrated enhanced learning and memory capacity.Conclusion Intake of metasilicic acid from drinking water may confer protective effects on nervous system health and exert potential benefits on bone and cardiovascular health. However， its role in glucose regulation remains unclear. The current evidence is limited by the scarcity of population-based studies， small sample sizes， and heterogeneity in the quality of animal experiments. Therefore， large-scale， high-quality studies in Chinese populations are needed to further validate these potential health effects.

Abstract:Objective To develop a method for determination of 18 sweeteners in high-fat cookies by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Methods The sample was homogenized and extracted with methanol water （4∶1， v/v）， purified by solid-phase extraction， and separated on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column （2.1×100 mm， 1.8-Micron）. The mobile phase gradient consisted of acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution. Quantification was performed using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer with the external standard method.Results The 18 sweeteners exhibited good linearity within the concentration range of 5 to 1 000 ng/mL， with linear correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. The detection limits were all 0.3 mg/kg， and the quantification limits were all 1.0 mg/kg. In spiked recovery tests at three different levels， the recovery rates ranged from 70.9% to 114.5%， with RSD values between 0.55% and 2.80%.Conclusion This method features a simple and rapid pretreatment process， high sensitivity， and reliable accuracy and precision， making it suitable for the determination of 18 sweeteners in high-fat cookies.

Abstract:Objective To establish an online purification-two-dimensional liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin A （VA） and vitamin E （VE） as well as their isomers in foods for special medical purposes.Methods The sample was saponified， centrifuged， and diluted to volume. After online purification on a strong alkali-resistant SelectCore PSS solid-phase extraction （SPE） column， the target compounds were eluted by the SPE pump onto the first-dimension chromatographic column， where 13-cis-VA， all-trans-VA， α-TT， δ-VE， β-VE， γ-VE and α-VE were separated. Based on the retention time of α-VE， the peak was heart-cut into a loop and transferred to a second-dimension chiral column for the separation of α-VE isomers. A UV detector was used， and quantification was performed by the external standard method.Results Good linearity was obtained for the eight target compounds with correlation coefficients 0.999. The limits of detection were 4 μg/100 g for 13-cis-VA and all-trans-VA； 0.08 mg/100 g for α-TT； 0.05 mg/100 g for δ-VE， β-VE， γ-VE， and D-α-VE； and 0.10 mg/100 g for DL-α-VE. The corresponding limits of quantification were 12 μg/100 g， 0.20 mg/100 g， 0.15 mg/100 g， and 0.25 mg/100 g， respectively. Recoveries at low， medium， and high spiked levels ranged from 80.7% to 111.9%， with relative standard deviations of 0.8%-6.7%.Conclusion The established method is efficient， time-saving， sensitive， and accurate. It is suitable for the routine analysis of VA and VE in foods for special medical purposes and can be used to evaluate the degree of VA isomerization and to distinguish the source of α-VE， providing a crucial basis for assessing storage stability， bioavailability and nutritional value in these foods.

Abstract:Objective To explore the application status and compatibility rules of raw materials in registered weight-loss health foods in China， and provide evidence to support the development and supervision of such products.Methods Focusing on the registered weight-loss health foods on the Special Food Information Query Platform of the State Administration for Market Regulation， a total of 375 valid formulas involving 276 kinds of raw materials were obtained after data cleaning and integration. The frequency of raw material was analyzed using Excel， and association rule analysis was performed using the Apriori algorithm in SPSS Modeler 18.0， to systematically identify the correlation among raw materials and core compatibility combinations.Results The study found that lotus leaf （Nelumbinis Folium）， L-carnitine， cassia seed （Cassiae Semen）， and Alisma Rhizoma were the major core raw materials on the market. The combinations of raw materials were highly concentrated. The common core two-item combinations was “lotus leaf”-“cassia seed”， with “Alisma Rhizoma”-“lotus leaf”-“cassia seed” as the core three-item combination， and “L-carnitine”-“cassia seed”-“lotus leaf”-“Alisma Rhizoma” as the core four-item combination， reflecting close integration of the traditional Chinese medicine concept of eliminating dampness and promoting diuresis with modern nutrition fortification strategies.Conclusion Data mining results in this study clearly shows the current industrial status of weight-loss health foods featured by “core raw material dominance and classic compatibility solidification”. In the future， research and development of weight-loss health foods should make breakthrough on raw materials， accelerate the screening of new raw materials and the construction of new compatibility systems， to meet consumers’ growing demands on safety and efficacy and promote differentiated and innovative development in the industry.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the mold contamination status in commercially available spices in Shijiazhuang City， thereby providing a scientific basis for developing targeted control measures.Methods A total of 99 spice samples were collected from Shijiazhuang City during 2023—2024. Mold counts were performed according to the National Food Safety Standard GB 4789.15—2016. Isolates were identified to species level by morphological examination and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Amplicon sequencing was additionally performed on a subset of samples for fungal-community profiling.Results Mold was detected in 87.88% （87/99） of the samples， with a mean contamination level of 6.5×103 CFU/g. Contamination was observed in all seasons， across all spice types， and regardless of packaging format. The predominant fungal genera were Alternaria， Aspergillus， Fusarium， Cladosporium， and Penicillium.Conclusion Mold contamination is detected in commercially available spices from Shijiazhuang City. Therefore， enhanced monitoring and control measures for spices are recommended to provide a scientific basis for risk assessment and for the development and refinement of relevant standards.

Abstract:Objective This study aims to systematically investigate the actual usage of turmeric and curcumin as food additives in prepackaged foods in China and assess the dietary exposure levels of the Chinese population to these compounds.Methods Based on the maximum usage limits of curcumin specified in the National Food Safety Standard for the Use of Food Additives （GB 2760-2024）， this study collected data on the application of turmeric and curcumin in enterprises via questionnaire surveys， determined curcumin contents in randomly inspected food samples， and integrated food consumption data to successively conduct three types of exposure assessments： theoretical exposure assessment， exposure assessment based on the maximum usage level from enterprise surveys， and actual exposure assessment. The dietary exposure level was compared with the curcumin acceptable daily intake （ADI） of 0-3 mg/（kg·BW） to characterize potential health risks.Results The theoretical exposure assessment， the exposure assessment based on the maximum use levels obtained from enterprise surveys， and the actual exposure assessment showed that the mean daily dietary exposure to curcumin in the general population was 1.31， 12.66， and 0.18 mg/d， respectively. All estimated exposure levels were below the acceptable daily intake， suggesting a low health risk. However， the assessments did not cover all food categories permitted by the standard. Major uncertainties included incomplete coverage of food types in consumption surveys and the lack of specified curcumin content in turmeric standards.Conclusion The health risk associated with dietary intake of turmeric and curcumin via food additives is low for the general Chinese population. Further expansion of usage surveys and market monitoring is recommended， as well as integrating the application scopes of turmeric and curcumin and standardizing their usage levels as curcumin equivalents， to support more reliable exposure assessments and inform food additive standard optimization and risk control.

Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the residue levels of four commonly used anticoccidial drugs （diclazuril， toltrazuril， toltrazuril sulfone， and nicarbazin） in retail chicken meat and eggs in Hainan Province from 2023 to 2025， and to evaluate the corresponding dietary exposure risk to the general population.Methods A total of 272 chicken meat samples and 251 egg samples were randomly collected from 14 cities and counties in Hainan Province. The target drug residues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （HPLC-MS/MS）. Combined with the dietary intake data of residents， the estimated daily intake （EDI） and hazard quotient （HQ） were calculated using the point evaluation method.Results The overall detection rate of anticoccidial drugs were 17.28% in chicken meat and 9.96% in eggs. Nicarbazin showed the highest detection rate in both chicken meat （13.24%） and eggs （6.77%）. Nicarbazin had the highest exceeding rate in chicken meat （2.21%）， whereas in eggs， the highest exceeding rate was observed for toltrazuril as 0.80%. The detection rates in chicken meat samples varied by procurement channels， with the highest rate in online purchases （26.47%）， followed by supermarkets （22.02%）， and the lowest in farmers’ markets （10.85%）. For egg samples， the detection rates from high to low were supermarkets （17.44%）， farmers’ markets （7.08%）， and online purchases （3.85%）. The mean EDI values of anticoccidial drugs from chicken meat and eggs were 9.8×10^-3 μg/［（kg·BW）/d］ and 2.02×10^-4 μg/［（kg·BW）/d］，with the maximum HQ values of 3.59×10^-1 and 5.30×10^-3，respectively，both far below the safety threshold （HQ≤1）.Conclusion The overall health risk posed by dietary exposure to anticoccidial drug residues in retail chicken meat and eggs in Hainan Province is acceptable. However， more attention should be paid to the long-term cumulative risk of anticoccidial drug residues in susceptible populations. Furthermore， tighter oversight and control of online purchase channels are recommended.

Abstract:Objective To comprehensively understand the evaluation， actual needs and suggestions of standard users on National Food Safety Standards training， and identify the shortcomings in the training process in a timely manner， and continuously improve training methods and contents to enhance training effectiveness.Methods Kirkpatrick’s training effectiveness evaluation model was used to evaluate the overall training effectiveness at the reaction， learning， behavior and results levels.Results After the training， participants’ mastery of knowledge covered in the training improved significantly （T=32.032， P0.05）， and the average test score before and after the training increased from 81.20 to 83.73. More than 95.00% of the trainees were satisfied with the training， but about 3.99% of the trainees thought that the training was not satisfactory. The proportion of participants from manufacturing enterprises who were very satisfied （83.57%） was much higher than that in other sectors. Satisfaction with the completeness of the training materials， the learning environment， and the overall competence of the instructors was the highest， all reaching 100%. The satisfaction rate of training applicability is as high as 96%. While 60.80% of the trainees reported knowledge acquisition， only 13.62% reported improved awareness. In telephone follow-up interviews， the satisfaction rate （“very satisfied” and “satisfied”） for the systematic organization of the course content exceeded 95.00%. However， satisfaction scores for the practicality and breadth of the course content were slightly lower， with satisfaction rates of 75.00% and 73.00%， respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that the training applicability and perceived training benefits were associated with satisfaction （P0.05）.Conclusion The trainees were generally satisfied with the applicability and perceived benefits from the food safety standard training. They expected more similar training programs and suggested incorporating case studies and practice-oriented teaching to increase the diversify of the training methods in the future.

Abstract:Objective To systematically identify the quality and safety risk factors of meat and meat products in China， and to provide a scientific basis for precise supervision.Methods Based on 7 092 unqualified samples identified by market supervision authorities in China from 2016 to 2023， a quantitative analysis was conducted on the product types， causes of non-compliance， and supply-chain stages of unqualified meat and meat products using content analysis， cross-tabulation analysis and non-parametric tests.Results Veterinary drug residues， microbial contamination， and additive overuse were the primary risk factors for quality and safety issues in meat and meat products in China. Non-compliance results most frequently involved enrofloxacin， sulfonamides （total）， clenbuterol， chloramphenicol， sodium pentachlorophenate， total colony count， and sorbic acid. Sauce-braised meat products， chicken， smoked and cooked sausage/ham， and pork were the main non-compliant product types， with different risk factors exhibited clear product-specific clustering. Additionally， the distribution and retail stage showed a greater diversity in risk types and sources within the meat and meat products supply chain.Conclusion A targeted， differentiated， and multi-dimensional quality and safety risk management system for meat and meat products should be established.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to compare the effects of 3-fucosyllactose （3-FL） and lacto-N-triose Ⅱ （LNTⅡ）， administered alone or combined with exercise， on glycemia in T2DM mice， and to comprehensively evaluate glucose metabolism， inflammation and oxidative stress markers， as well as histopathological changes in the liver， kidney， and pancreas.Methods A T2DM mouse model was established using a high-fat diet plus streptozotocin （STZ）. Mice were randomly assigned to nine groups： normal control （C）， model control （MC）， exercise control （EC）， 3-fucosyllactose low dose ［L-FL， 200 mg/（kg·d）］， 3-fucosyllactose high dose ［H-FL， 1 200 mg/（kg·d）］， low-dose 3-FL plus exercise ［EL-FL， 200 mg/（kg·d）］， lacto-N-triose Ⅱ low dose ［L-LNT， 200 mg/（kg·d）］， lacto-N-tetraose Ⅱ high dose ［H-LNT， 1 200 mg/（kg·d）］， and low-dose LNTⅡ plus exercise ［EL-LNT， 200 mg/（kg·d）］. Following the establishment of the model， the interventions were administered for 5 weeks. The exercise intervention consisted of treadmill aerobic training at 10 m/min for 30 min per day， 6 days per week （with 1 rest day）. Fasting blood glucose （FBG）， oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） and the corresponding area under the curve （AUC） were assessed. Hepatic inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers were measured， and hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was performed for histopathological evaluation of the liver， kidney， and pancreas.Reasults Compared with the MC group， FBG was significantly reduced in the EL-FL group （P0.05）. In contrast， a decreasing tendency of FBG was observed in the EC， L-FL， H-FL， L-LNT， H-LNT， and EL-LNT groups. No significant differences were detected in OGTT curves or AUC among groups. Regarding inflammatory factors， hepatic TNF-α and IL-6 levels were elevated in the L-FL group compared with C group （P0.05）. Compared with the MC group， hepatic IL-6 levels decreased in the H-FL， EL-FL， L-LNT， and EL-LNT groups （P0.05）， with the EL-LNT group staying at the control level. In addition， IL-10 was increased in the MC， EC， and 3-FL-related groups， whereas LNTⅡ-related groups tended to be as same as the control level. Oxidative stress markers responded differentially to the interventions， with LNTⅡ-related treatments inducing a more pronounced increase in superoxide dismutase （SOD）. HE staining of the MC group revealed marked hepatic steatosis， renal tubular injury， and pancreatic islet damage. These pathological changes were alleviated to varying degrees by exercise and HMO interventions， with more prominent improvements observed in the exercise-combined intervention groups.Conclusion Within the context of the present model， the EL-FL intervention performed better in lowering FBG and alleviating multi-organ histopathological damage. These findings contribute evidence to support the role of HMOs in metabolic health and provide a reference for future HMOs mechanistic studies.

Abstract:Objective To assess tea consumption status and explore potential associated factors among adult residents in Hunan Province.Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling approach was adopted to recruit permanent residents aged 18 years or older across 14 municipal administrative divisions of Hunan Province. Survey data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. The χ² test was used to compare tea consumption rates among participants with different characteristics. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison between two groups， and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the differences among multiple groups of participants with different characteristics. The associated factors of tea consumption among participants were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression and ordered logistic regression models.Results The tea consumption rate among adult residents in Hunan Province was 65.6%， with a median daily tea consumption of 5.5 g/d （IQR： 2.1~12.0 g/d）. Multivariable logistic regression results showed that residents aged 45-59 years （OR=1.58； 95%CI： 1.11， 2.25）， males （OR=2.66； 95%CI： 1.94， 3.64）， participants with a high-income level （OR=1.99； 95%CI： 1.35， 2.92）， and those from households engaged in tea production or processing （OR=3.54； 95%CI： 1.66， 7.54） were more likely to consume tea. Ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that age， gender， income level， and household employment in the tea industry were significantly associated with both tea consumption frequency and intake amount categories （P0.05）.Conclusion This study showed that drinking tea was highly prevalent and tea consumption was relatively high among adult residents in Hunan Province. Age， gender， income level， and household involvement in the tea industry were important factors associated with tea-drinking habits， tea consumption frequency， and daily tea intake.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the serotype distribution， antimicrobial resistance， and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus （V. parahaemolyticus） isolates from foodborne disease outbreaks， and to explore their epidemiological characteristics.Methods A total of 34 V. parahaemolyticus isolates were subjected to biochemical reconfirmation， and then serotyped using the slide agglutination method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using an automated susceptibility testing system. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted for all isolates， followed by bioinformatic analyses including the determination sequence types （STs）， and the screening of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum likelihood method.Results The 34 isolates were clustered into four clades （Clades Ⅰ-Ⅳ）. Clade Ⅳ （n=20） isolates all belonged to ST3， of which 95% （19/20） were serotype O10：K4. Clade Ⅰ （n=3） isolates belonged to ST3759， which was a newly identified ST. All isolates harbored only CARB-type resistance genes， while 61.8% （21/34） harbored the tdh gene. All isolates were resistant against cefazolin， with only one isolate exhibited resistance against cefazolin， ampicillin， and cefuroxime.Conclusion The serotype O10：K4， strongly associated with ST3， is the predominant V. parahaemolyticus identified in foodborne disease outbreaks in Nantong City， 2024. The high detection rate of the tdh gene in these isolates poses virulence potential. It is recommended to enhance surveillance of O10：K4-ST3 V. parahaemolyticus and to strengthen molecular source-tracking of associated foodborne disease outbreaks.

Abstract:Microbiological risk assessment （MRA） is a crucial component of food safety risk analysis. Traditional MRA has limitations in model assumptions and data resolution， and it is difficult to fully reflect the heterogeneity of pathogens and their impact on risk estimation. In recent years， the development of omics technology and machine learning methods has provided new ideas for enriching the datasets and optimizing the modeling frameworks of MRA. Omics technology can analyze the genetic background， functional expression， and environmental adaptation characteristics of pathogens at the molecular level and provide a basis for identifying risk-related differences. Machine learning can be used to process complex data， and assist risk-related feature screening， relationship identification， and dynamic scenario analysis. Using the four classical steps of MRA as the framework， this study summarized the advances in applying omics technology and machine learning to each step， and discussed the key challenges， including data standardization， model interpretation， practical translation， and algorithm governance. Current omics technologies and machine learning are not alternatives to traditional MRA， but supplement data sources and analytical methods to be integrating to the existing framework. Clarifying the scope and integration approach of these technologies is helpful to promote the standardizing and practical application of next generation MRA methods.