Since its founding in 2011， the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment （CFSA） has developed China’s food safety risk assessment technical system from a limited technical base. Encompassing implementation procedures， technical specifications， talent development， modelling tools， basic databases and operational platforms， the system underpins the risk assessment regime stipulated in the Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China. Centering on five core modules including hazard assessment， exposure assessment， risk characterization， quantitative microbial risk assessment， and next generation risk assessment （NGRA）， this article reviews the development of China’s domestic risk assessment system and discusses relevant methodological innovations and their regulatory applications. After 15 years of systematic development， a set of nearly 30 technical specifications and guidelines has been produced. By adopting international practices， hazard assessment methods including toxicological data quality evaluation， combined toxicity assessment for multi-substance mixtures and benchmark dose （BMD） modelling have been established. Multi-tier exposure assessment techniques have been constructed for China’s complex exposure scenarios， spanning modelled dietary data， processing factors， mixture evaluation and biomarker-driven internal exposure estimation. Risk characterization approaches such as disease burden assessment， risk ranking and risk-benefit analysis have been formed through local adaptation. For microbial risk assessment， models for foodborne pathogen kinetics， population dose-response and genomic source tracking have also been adapted domestically. Building on accumulated expertise in conventional risk assessment， China has actively pursued research on non-animal testing new approach methodologies （NAMs） to build NGRA technical reserves. For modern food safety governance under the 15th Five-Year Plan， priority should be given to addressing gaps in traditional techniques， advancing research and development of NAMs and their regulatory translation， building integrated databases， and promoting international dissemination of domestically developed risk assessment technologies. Overall， risk assessment activities should remain guided by the needs of risk management. Continuous efforts shall be made to improve the precision， efficiency and practical utility of risk assessment， to more effectively address emerging challenges such as new contaminants and novel risks.