Biological hazards in food are a major public health concern， causing foodborne diseases and posing challenges to the high-quality development of China’s food industry. This article systematically reviews the construction progress， operational mechanisms， and practical outcomes of the national surveillance system targeting foodborne biological hazards. The epidemiological evolution patterns of predominant foodborne pathogens in China is revealed from long-term surveillance， and practical experiences in whole food chain prevention and control are summarized. An in-depth analysis of existing problems within the system was conducted， with optimization approaches being raised. The applications and prospects of current technologies including molecular tracing， multi-omics and artificial-intelligence in risk surveillance are also discussed. This article aims to provide a basis for the precise prevention and control of foodborne biological hazards and the development of intelligent surveillance in China.